{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:20:21Z","timestamp":1783682421683,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461196800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prim Health Care Res Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"\n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To measure the prevalence of self-reported morbidity and its associated\n factors among adults (aged \u2a7e15 years) in a select rural Indian\n population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Self-reporting of smoking has been validated as population-based surveys\n using self-reported data provide reasonably consistent estimates of smoking\n prevalence, and are generally considered to be sufficiently accurate for\n tracking the general pattern of morbidity associated with tobacco use in\n populations. However, to gauge the true disease burden using self-reported\n morbidity data requires cautious interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n During 2010\u20132011, a cross-sectional survey was conducted under the banner\n of the Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Birbhum, an initiative of\n the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal, India.\n With over 93.6% response rate from the population living in 12 300 households,\n this study uses the responses from 16 354 individuals: 8012 smokers, and 8333\n smokeless tobacco users. Smokers and smokeless tobacco users were asked whether\n they have developed any morbidity symptoms due to smoking, or smokeless tobacco\n use. Bivariate, as well as multivariate logistic regression analyses were\n deployed to attain the study objective.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n Over 20% of smokers and over 9% of smokeless tobacco users reported any\n morbidity. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) estimated using\n logistic regression shows that women are less likely to report any morbidity\n attributable to smoking (OR: 0.69; CI: 0.54\u20130.87), and more likely to report\n any morbidity due to smokeless tobacco use (OR: 1.68; CI: 1.36\u20132.09).\n Non-Hindus have higher odds, whereas the wealthiest respondents have lower odds\n of reporting any morbidity. With a culturally appropriate intervention to\n change behaviour, youth (both men and women) could be targeted with\n comprehensive tobacco cessation assistance programmes. A focussed intervention\n could be designed for unprocessed tobacco users to curb hazardous effects of\n tobacco use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s146342361600013x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T02:54:09Z","timestamp":1461207249000},"page":"514-523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tobacco use and self-reported morbidity among rural Indian adults"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anamitra","family":"Barik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri"},{"name":"Suri District Hospital and Niramoy TB Sanatorium, Suri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri"},{"name":"School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-11","unstructured":"Government of India. 2014: Economic burden of tobacco\n related disease in India. Ministry of health and Family Welfare, Government of\n India."},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.3.212","article-title":"Hungry for tobacco: an analysis of the economic impact of tobacco consumption on the poor in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Efroymson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu228"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.045039","article-title":"Social disparities in tobacco use in Mumbai, India: the roles of occupation, education, and gender","volume":"95","author":"Sorensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2003.005215","article-title":"Regional, disease specific patterns of smoking-attributable mortality in 2000","volume":"13","author":"Ezzati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192632500.003.0002","volume-title":"Tobacco control in developing countries","author":"Gajalakshmi","year":"2000"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-32","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services 2014: The health\n consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress: A report of the Surgeon General.\n Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease\n Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and\n Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health."},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.10.017","article-title":"Are self reports of health and morbidity in developing countries misleading? Evidence from India","volume":"68","author":"Subramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-35","volume-title":"Gender, health, tobacco, equity","year":"2011"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7342.860"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.037465","article-title":"Global surveillance of oral tobacco products: total nicotine, unionised nicotine and tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines","volume":"20","author":"Stanfill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118033135","volume-title":"Statistical models for causal analysis","author":"Retherford","year":"1993"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0707719","article-title":"A nationally representative case-control study of smoking and death in India","volume":"358","author":"Jha","year":"2008","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.145433","article-title":"Preventing tobacco use among young people in India: project MYTRI","volume":"99","author":"Perry","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1984.tb00897.x"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-30","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 12","year":"2011"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-36","volume-title":"WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2013, enforcing bans on tobacco advertising","year":"2013"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b4347","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4347","article-title":"Reliability of self reported smoking status by pregnant women for estimating smoking prevalence: a retrospective, cross sectional study","volume":"339","author":"Shipton","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181f432c3","article-title":"Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular disease: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: a policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"122","author":"Piano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-22","volume-title":"Report on tobacco control in India","author":"Reddy","year":"2004"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1984.tb00894.x","article-title":"Secretion rate, buffer effect and number of lactobaccilli and streptococcus mutans of whole saliva of cigarette smokers and non-smokers","volume":"92","author":"Heintze","year":"1984","journal-title":"European Journal of Oral Sciences"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl029"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009633"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-12","volume-title":"Bidi smoking and public health","author":"Gupta","year":"2008"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-10","unstructured":"Government of India. 2006: Social, economic and educational\n status of the Muslim community of India. Prime Minister\u2019s High level\n Committee."},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-27","volume-title":"Report of activities of the Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance","year":"2013"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1986.tb01382.x","article-title":"Surface discoloration of restorative resins in relation to surface softening and oral hygiene","volume":"94","author":"Asmussen","year":"1986","journal-title":"European Journal of Oral Sciences"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-4","article-title":"Socio-economic disparities in tobacco consumption in rural India: evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system","author":"Barik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspectives in Public Health"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207969"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-25","volume-title":"The tobacco control country profiles","author":"Shafey","year":"2003"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-34","volume-title":"Global progress report on implementation of the WHO framework convention on tobacco control","year":"2014"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.4.e4","article-title":"Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey","volume":"12","author":"Rani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-6","volume-title":"The millennium development goals and tobacco control","author":"Esson","year":"2004"},{"key":"S146342361600013X_manual_ref-20","volume-title":"Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) India, 2009\u20132010","author":"Ram","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Primary Health Care Research & Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S146342361600013X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:47:54Z","timestamp":1780652874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S146342361600013X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S146342361600013X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s146342361600013x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-4236","1477-1128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-4236","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-1128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}