{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:03:15Z","timestamp":1790686995080,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":271,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prim Health Care Res Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101662_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consumer perspectives in Primary Health Care (PHC) need further exploration in Bangladesh. The study aimed to explore consumer-perception-based availability and accessibility of PHC services, along with equity, in a lower health outcome district.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101662_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted in the low-performing district, Moulvibazar. Adult Health Care Consumers (HCCs,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 417), attending PHC facilities were purposively selected and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Individual questions were weighted, and Self-Reported Availability Score (SRAvS) and Self-Reported Accessibility Score (SRAcS) were derived (0\u2013100% scale). Equities in availability and accessibility were explored by analysing gender (male\u2013female), location (rural\u2013urban), and Income-Quintiles\u00a0(InQ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101662_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Proportions of HCCs perceiving availability of services were low: laboratory diagnosis (19%), nutrition-health education (31%), basic emergency (49%), and \u2018most of the time drug supply\u2019 (18%). Of HCCs, 43% visited other facilities. Accessibility was fair (eg, waiting time \u226430 minutes for 86% and &lt;one hour for 11%). Median SRAvS ranged from 42 to 52 with no difference between any of the two\u00a0gender-, location-, or InQ-based groups. Median SRAcS ranged from 65 to 95 and it was significantly lower among urban vs rural (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) subgroups. In the regression analysis, higher age (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.041), female gender (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and urban location (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.049) were found to be significantly associated with lower SRAcS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101662_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive availability of PHC services is poor in a low-performing district of Bangladesh. Overall accessibility to PHC services is relatively better, but it is lower for urban consumers. Gender, location and socioeconomic status are important factors to modulate inequities in service availability and accessibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1463423626101662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:35:01Z","timestamp":1790685301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Availability and accessibility of Primary Health Care services in a district of Bangladesh with lower health outcomes: a study based on consumer perceptions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Masuma","family":"Mannan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pothikrit Institute of Health Studies"},{"name":"USTM: University of Science and Technology Meghalaya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trishna M.","family":"Thakuria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USTM: University of Science and Technology Meghalaya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9024-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liaquat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pothikrit Institute of Health Studies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1463423626101662_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100197"},{"key":"S1463423626101662_ref44","unstructured":"World Bank (2022) Primary Health Care System of Bangladesh: A Primary Health Care Performance Initiative Assessment. 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