{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:03:32Z","timestamp":1790762612962,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":272,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prim Health Care Res Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101947_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the cardiovascular disease risk and related factors among incarcerated individuals in a closed prison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101947_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases represent a leading cause of global mortality, among incarcerated individuals facing heightened risks attributable to environmental and lifestyle factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101947_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study\u00a0was conducted with foreign-nationed inmates aged 40\u201369 at Maltepe No. 3 L-Type Closed Prison in Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye, using World Health Organization (WHO) risk assessment tools. Data has been collected from January to March 2023 through in-person interviews, anthropometric assessments, and laboratory tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101947_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 366 participants, all of them were male, mean age was 47.4 years (\u00b16.2), as ethnic origin 74.6% were Asian. The median cardiovascular risk score was 6% (range: 1\u201352%), 74.6% classified as low-risk, 21.0% as moderate-risk, and 4.4% as high or very high-risk. Significant predictors of elevated cardiovascular risk included advanced age (p &lt; 0.001), smoking (p &lt; 0.001), systolic\/diastolic hypertension (p &lt; 0.001), and abdominal obesity (p = 0.005). Individuals exhibiting high-risk profiles showed increased levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose (p &lt; 0.001). No correlation was found between incarceration duration and cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1463423626101947_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study emphasises the importance of individual health evaluation including BMI and cardiovascular risk assessment and implementing preventive measures, such as smoking cessation, healthy diet and exercise programmes to protect low-and moderate-risk individuals and to lower the high risk as normal population. These preventive health services can be provided in primary care centres located in prison settlement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1463423626101947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:26:13Z","timestamp":1790760373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiovascular risk evaluation of foreign national incarcerated men in a closed prison in Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1444-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasemin","family":"Do\u011fan Kaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jandarma \u00dcste\u011fmen Rahim \u00c7elik Family Health Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahattin","family":"Cenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maltepe 23th Family Medicine Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arzu","family":"Uzuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039278"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab309"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref35","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Syrian Arab Republic. Nutrition Country Profile."},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.040"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12688-x"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773817740534"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref33","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022) Cancer and cardiovascular health inequities in prison settings: A rapid literature review. [online] Website. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-EURO-2022\u20135814-45579\u201365357"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60319-5"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref13","unstructured":"Maruschak, LM , Berzofsky, M and Unangst, J , Medical Problems of State and Federal Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2011\u201312. U.S. Department of Justice Report NCJ 248491."},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002843"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref34","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Obesity and overweight.[online] Website. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight. (accessed 08 August 2023)."},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.01.009"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.03.016"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2010.47"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30318-3"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref31","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases. [online] Website. 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Maltepe No. 3 L-Type Closed Prison Institution [Internet]. Available at https:\/\/maltepe3lcik.adalet.gov.tr\/kurumumuz (accessed 10 July 2026)."},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.26"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-06-2017-0114"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000420"},{"key":"S1463423626101947_ref16","unstructured":"Noonan, M , Rohloff, H and Ginder, S (2015) Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000-2013-Statistical Tables. 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