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One gap in this knowledge concerns respiratory tract pathogens transmitted from person to person by direct contact or through environmental contamination. The sit\u2010and\u2010wait hypothesis predicts that virulence should be positively correlated with durability in the external environment because high durability reduces the dependence of transmission on host mobility. Reviewing the epidemiological and medical literature, we confirm this prediction for respiratory tract pathogens of humans. Our results clearly distinguish a high\u2010virulence high\u2010survival group of variola (smallpox) virus,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and influenza virus (where all pathogens have a mean percent mortality 0.01% and mean survival time &gt;10 days) from a low\u2010virulence low\u2010survival group containing ten other pathogens. The correlation between virulence and durability explains three to four times of magnitude of difference in mean percent mortality and mean survival time, using both across\u2010species and phylogenetically controlled analyses. Our findings bear on several areas of active research and public health policy: (1) many pathogens used in the biological control of insects are potential sit\u2010and\u2010wait pathogens as they combine three attributes that are advantageous for pest control: high virulence, long durability after application, and host specificity; (2) emerging pathogens such as the\u2018hospital superbug\u2019methicillin\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) and potential bioweapons pathogens such as smallpox virus and anthrax that are particularly dangerous can be discerned by quantifying their durability; (3) hospital settings and the AIDS pandemic may provide footholds for emerging sit\u2010and\u2010wait pathogens; and (4) studies on food\u2010borne and insect pathogens point to future research considering the potential evolutionary trade\u2010offs and genetic linkages between virulence and durability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1464793104006475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]],"date-time":"2004-11-08T11:19:51Z","timestamp":1099912791000},"page":"849-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":221,"title":["Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Bruno A.","family":"Walther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Ewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.50.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197107000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500020055031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(42)80002-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1981.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2745.1999.00384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.10.2115-2119.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-2244(96)81303-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"The transfer of tuberculosis by dust and other agents","volume":"3","author":"Augustine A. 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