{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:54:23Z","timestamp":1791474863036,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,13]],"date-time":"2007-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1186963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim. Health. Res. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Since it was first reported in 1987 at a hatchery in British Columbia,\n                    <jats:italic>Loma salmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    has become increasingly important as an emerging parasite affecting the Canadian salmonid aquaculture industry.\n                    <jats:italic>L. salmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes Microsporidial Gill Disease of Salmon (MGDS) in farmed Pacific salmonids,\n                    <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., resulting in respiratory distress, secondary infections and high mortality rates. In the last decade, laboratory studies have identified key transmission factors for this disease and described the pathogenesis of MGDS.\n                    <jats:italic>L. salmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    enters the host via the gut, where it injects sporoplasm into a host cell, which then migrates to the heart for a two-week merogony-like phase, followed by a macrophage-mediated transport of the parasite to the gill, with a final development stage of a spore-laden xenoma within the endothelial and pillar cells. Xenoma rupture triggers a cascade of inflammatory events leading to severe, persistent, and extensive proliferative branchitis. The development of robust and reliable experimental challenge models using several exposure methods in marine and freshwater environments with several fish hosts, is a primary reason for the success of scientific research surrounding\n                    <jats:italic>L. salmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To date, demonstrated factors affecting MGDS transmission include host species, strain and size, the length of contact time between na\u00efve and infected fish, water temperature and flow rates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1466252307001223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,13]],"date-time":"2007-08-13T06:19:04Z","timestamp":1186985944000},"page":"59-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Transmission of the microsporidian gill parasite,\n                    <i>Loma salmonae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Joy A.","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Speare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04957.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180050256"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00142.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0244:USOTED]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref042","volume-title":"Fisheries Statistics \u2013 Salmon Aquaculture in British Columbia","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/drup.2000.0174"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z87-114"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1983.tb00086.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818227.ch13"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao043049"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2000.00222.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1990)119<0025:SSOSTT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref060","first-page":"55","article-title":"Evaluation of rainbow trout as a model for use in studies on pathogenesis of the branchial microsporidian Loma salmonae","volume":"37","author":"Speare","year":"1998","journal-title":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0325"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2006.00909.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao034045"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao037205"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.09.040"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.38.105"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.121"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(89)90169-5"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2001.00320.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00252-7"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01393-4"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao058185"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.1999.00194.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2004.00524.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2005.00614.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref017","volume-title":"Estimating the cost of Loma salmonae to B.C. aquaculture","author":"Constantine","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.1998.00112.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2003.00952.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(1998)010<0107:ROTHPA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2004.00582.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao022233"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(1999)011<0237:REOWTO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref024","first-page":"58","article-title":"Occurrence of Loma sp. (Microsporidia) in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at a site in south west England","volume":"15","author":"Gandhi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.1999.00180.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(1994)006<0318:LSISFT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00354-3"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref033","first-page":"98","article-title":"Transmission of Loma salmonae (Microsporea) to chinook salmon in seawater","volume":"36","author":"Kent","year":"1995","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(1998)010<0121:FAPOIH>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00141.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref031","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Diseases of Seawater Netpen-reared Salmonid Fishes","author":"Kent","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao033151"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01394-6"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.11.009"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818227","volume-title":"The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis","author":"Wittner","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao048125"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-5-540"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2000.00226.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2006.00699.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818227.ch3"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(00)00202-6"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160854"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref016","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Diseases in Asian Aquaculture I","author":"Chinabut","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514607"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00420.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1984.tb00926.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2001)013<0340:CTOISA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(98)00426-8"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref015","volume-title":"Microsporidia of Vertebrates","author":"Canning","year":"1986"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(95)00025-W"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818227.ch2"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2001.00263.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.38.27"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.1998.00078.x"},{"key":"S1466252307001223_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao034211"}],"container-title":["Animal Health Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1466252307001223","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T18:03:37Z","timestamp":1556733817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1466252307001223\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1466252307001223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1466252307001223","relation":{},"ISSN":["1466-2523","1475-2654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1466-2523","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 2007","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}