{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:07:54Z","timestamp":1780603674479,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434672000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pall Supp Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1478951515000784_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Akathisia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by subjective and objective restlessness. It is a common side effect in patients taking antipsychotics and other psychotropics. Patients with delirium are frequently treated with antipsychotic medications that are well known to induce akathisia as a side effect. However, the prevalence, phenomenology, and management of akathisia in patients with delirium remain largely unknown. The purpose of this review was to examine the medical literature in order to establish the current state of knowledge regarding the prevalence of antipsychotic-induced akathisia in patients with delirium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1478951515000784_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases. Ten studies addressing the incidence of akathisia in patients taking antipsychotic medication for delirium were identified and included in our review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1478951515000784_sec_a3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The included studies reported a variable prevalence of antipsychotic-induced akathisia. A higher prevalence was found in patients taking haloperidol. Among atypical antipsychotics, paliperidone and ziprasidone were associated with a higher risk of akathisia. The risk for akathisia appeared to be a dose-related phenomenon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1478951515000784_sec_a4\"><jats:title>Significance of results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies using specific scales for evaluation of akathisia in delirium are lacking. Some populations, such as patients with cancer or terminally ill patients in palliative care settings taking antipsychotics for the treatment of delirium, could be at higher risk for development of akathisia as a side effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1478951515000784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T05:22:39Z","timestamp":1434691359000},"page":"77-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antipsychotic-induced akathisia in delirium: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Espi Forcen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Matsoukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yesne","family":"Alici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2011.00568.x"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809502907-806"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2009.05.013"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S45575"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000107"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005594.pub2"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010039"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32832a16da"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1117"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318222353a"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951507000545"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53503.x"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.914034"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066611403110"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13040458"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02316879"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951511000071"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.2.231","article-title":"A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients","volume":"153","author":"Breitbart","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref28","first-page":"238","article-title":"Controlled study of extrapyramidal reactions in the management of delirious, medically ill patients: Intravenous haloperidol versus intravenous haloperidol plus benzodiazepines","volume":"17","author":"Menza","year":"1988","journal-title":"Heart and Lung"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2013.0230"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3999"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2006.0112"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.39.8784"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01655.x"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199107000-00001"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511530203"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(09)71239-8","article-title":"Comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium","volume":"24","author":"Jung Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(93)90088-6"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01612.x"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(04)70170-X"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31807083fd"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c58715"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.3.459"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790320042006"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref30","first-page":"299","article-title":"Neuronal basis of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects","volume":"54","author":"Ossowska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(08)70620-5"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(11)70800-8"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9500602208"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70166-8"},{"key":"S1478951515000784_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91257-2"}],"container-title":["Palliative and Supportive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1478951515000784","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T22:23:17Z","timestamp":1555712597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1478951515000784\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1478951515000784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1478951515000784","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-9515","1478-9523"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-9515","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-9523","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]}}}