{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:55:36Z","timestamp":1790823336186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477440000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":299,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Du Bois Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research examining racial\/ethnic disparities in pollution exposure often relies on cross-sectional data. These analyses are largely insensitive to exposure trends and rarely account for broader contextual dynamics. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of racial-environmental inequality over time, we combine the 1990 to 2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) with spatially- and temporally-resolved measures of nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) in respondents\u2019 neighborhoods, as well as census data on the characteristics of respondents\u2019 metropolitan areas. Results based on multilevel repeated measures models indicate that Blacks and Latinos are, on average, more likely to be exposed to higher levels of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>2.5,<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> than Whites. Despite nationwide declines in levels of pollution over time, racial and ethnic disparities persist and cannot be fully explained by individual-, household-, or metropolitan-level factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1742058x16000205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T14:50:59Z","timestamp":1477493459000},"page":"237-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["THE LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF RACIAL\/ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN NEIGHBORHOOD AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, 1990-2009"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Kravitz-Wirtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Crowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjum","family":"Hajat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Sass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/c009r"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2005.0026"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm359"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60244-X"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10780870122184993"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001139297045003006"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0038-4941.2004.08502011.x"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089124249901300201"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061884"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.05.001"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref16","unstructured":"Geolytics. (2012). Neighborhood Change Database, 1970-2010. <http:\/\/www.geolytics.com\/USCensus,Neighborhood-Change-Database-1970-2000,Products.asp> (last accessed on June 23, 2016)."},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref15","volume-title":"Detroit Divided","author":"Farley","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.00082"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2007.0003"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500408"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sot099"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20088"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1018777"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054409"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref22","volume-title":"Environmental Justice Analysis: Theories, Methods, and Practice","author":"Liu","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1021"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref7","volume-title":"Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites","year":"1987"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.04.073"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref6","first-page":"371","article-title":"Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty: Why Race Still Matters After All of These Years","volume":"38","author":"Bullard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Envtl. L."},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref34","volume-title":"Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-Spatial Divide","author":"Peterson","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9531.00110"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref17","volume-title":"Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2015.06.019"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649576"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600306"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894","article-title":"Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality","volume":"360","author":"Michael","year":"2009","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-082508-094348"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657384"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn400"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2011.609775"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref24","volume-title":"American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass","author":"Massey","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.05.014"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/c03r"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref26","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse","author":"Mohai","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1742058X16000205_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.7.1033","article-title":"Zoning, Equity, and Public Health","volume":"91","author":"Maantay","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1742058X16000205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T22:14:45Z","timestamp":1555625685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1742058X16000205\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"alternative-id":["S1742058X16000205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1742058x16000205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-058X","1742-0598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-058X","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-0598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}