{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:53:33Z","timestamp":1789149213464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HEPL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the 1970s and 1980s, over 30,000 people in the UK were infected with HIV and\/or hepatitis C because of treatment with blood and blood products for conditions such as haemophilia or through blood transfusion. We used the social harms perspective to understand the experiences of those affected. We conducted in-depth interviews with 41 infected people and 11 family members and analysed the data according to five dimensions of social harm: physical harms, psychological harms, cultural harms, economic harms, and harms of misrecognition. We found that people were harmed by the medical system, the social context that perpetuated stigma and shame against them, and successive governments being largely unwilling to address the many health, social, and economic impacts of infection on families. What stood out were the many reports of harms of misrecognition, which were often experienced as more irreconcilable than the circumstances of infection itself. They were also harms that have been largely ignored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>While patient safety encompasses a broad field of work, much of the research focuses on physical harm and medical error. The social harms lens can provide important insights into patient safety incidents as it can help explain the complexity of the different dimensions of harm that individuals and their families experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1744133125100200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T06:01:01Z","timestamp":1755583261000},"page":"381-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The contaminated blood scandal in England: exploring the social harms experienced by infected and affected individuals"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Warren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Cyhlarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Political Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Carlisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Political Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Political Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2289-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0964663907076533"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref13","unstructured":"Infected Blood Inquiry (2023b) Expert Report to the Infected Blood Inquiry: Statistics Group (Supplementary). https:\/\/www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/Statistics%20Supplementary%20Report.pdf (2023, accessed 31 July 2023)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref14","unstructured":"Infected Blood Inquiry (2023c) Second Interim Report. https:\/\/www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-04\/Infected%20Blood%20Inquiry%20Second%20Interim%20Report.pdf (2023, accessed 18 June 2023)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195129298.001.0001"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhac035"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000451"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref31","first-page":"657","article-title":"Development of a framework to describe patient and family harm from disrespect and promote improvements in quality and safety: a scoping review","volume":"31","author":"Sokol-Hessner","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal for Quality in Health Care"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref32","unstructured":"Thorogood, N and Green, J (2018) Qualitative methods for health research, London, SAGE."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref33","first-page":"61","article-title":"Grenfell: The unfolding dimensions of social harm","volume":"3","author":"Tombs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Justice, Power and Resistence"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref29","unstructured":"Prime Minister\u2019s Office (2024) PM statement on the Infected Blood Inquiry: 20 May 2024, https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/speeches\/pm-statement-on-the-infected-blood-inquiry-20-may-2024 (2024, accessed 15 August 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref16","unstructured":"Infected Blood Inquiry (2024b) The Report. People\u2019s Experiences. Treloar\u2019s. https:\/\/www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Volume_2.pdf (2024, accessed 20 May 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref37","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Patient safety, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/patient-safety (2023, accessed 15 January 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref40","unstructured":"Office, Cabinet (2024) Government Response to the Infected Blood Inquiry, https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/6762aac83229e84d9bbde764\/20241216-_Government_Response_to_Recommendations-_FINAL__Standard_Print_as_Laid.pdf (2024, accessed 14 June 2025)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref12","unstructured":"Infected Blood Inquiry (2023a) Expert Report to the Infected Blood Inquiry: Health Economics. https:\/\/www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Expert%20report%20to%20the%20Infected%20Blood%20Inquiry%20-%20Health%20Economics.pdf (2023, accessed 16 August 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13820"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref4","unstructured":"Cyhlarova, E , Carlisle, J , Warren, E , Knapp, M and Nolte, E (2023) Psychological support for individuals historically infected with HIV and\/or hepatitis C as a result of NHS-supplied blood transfusions and blood products, and for affected families, https:\/\/piru.ac.uk\/assets\/files\/0\/PIRU%202023-29%20Psychological%20support%20for%20people%20affected%20by%20contaminated%20blood%20Final%20Report.pdf (2023, accessed 19 May 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref2","unstructured":"Carlisle, J , Cyhlarova, E , Knapp, M , Warren, E and Nolte, E (2025) Psychological support needs for people affected by serious failings of statutory services: lessons from the contaminated blood scandal and Infected Blood Inquiry. BJPsych Open (under review)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref9","unstructured":"Infected Blood Compensation Authority (2024) Infected Blood Compensation Scheme Summary. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/infected-blood-compensation-scheme-summary\/infected-blood-compensation-scheme-summary (2024, accessed 19 July 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwz004"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13478"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref39","unstructured":"The Penrose Inquiry (2015) Final Report, https:\/\/webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk\/20170401011445\/http:\/\/www.penroseinquiry.org.uk\/finalreport\/ (2015, accessed 14 June 2025)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref41","unstructured":"General, Paymaster (2024) Letter to Sir Brian, https:\/\/www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-01\/Letter%20from%20Paymaster%20General.pdf (2024, accessed 14 June 2025)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10999922.2021.1903165"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-4-200202190-00011"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.8.1001"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref24","unstructured":"NHS Business Services Authority (2023) England Infected Blood Support Scheme Annual Report 2022-2023, https:\/\/www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-09\/EIBSS%20Annual%20Report%202022%20-%202023.pdf (2023, accessed 19 May 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref15","unstructured":"Infected Blood Inquiry (2024a) The Report. 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Response of Government and Public Bodies. https:\/\/www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Volume_6.pdf."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref11","unstructured":"Infected Blood Inquiry (2022b) Interim payments, https:\/\/www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk\/psychological-support-provided-inquiry\/interim-payments (2022, accessed 19 May 2024)."},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-007-9079-z"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00007-7"},{"key":"S1744133125100200_ref28","volume-title":"Harmful Societies. Understanding Social Harm","author":"Pemberton","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Health Economics, Policy and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1744133125100200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:33:09Z","timestamp":1761816789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1744133125100200\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1744133125100200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1744133125100200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-1331","1744-134X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-1331","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-134X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}