{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:18:41Z","timestamp":1785403121997,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HEPL"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tobacco control policies are complex with the potential for significant health effects. The public health actors and regulators who design, influence, and implement these policies place a high value on the evidence base that underpins them, engaging in scientific and applied debates about how to evaluate the success of existing policies and justify new actions. To investigate the construction of this evidence base, we conducted interviews with 40 individuals involved in formulating, advising, and implementing flavour restrictions for tobacco products. Our interviews inform case studies of six jurisdictions in three US states, Canada, the UK, and the Netherlands. We find that tobacco policy stakeholders, which include regulators and public health personnel, play a vital role as data integrators in the construction of this evidence base: they bring together disparate types and sources of information to create synthetic evaluations of tobacco control policies that incorporate the complexity of the policy environment and differential impacts on population subgroups. Significantly, data integration is not easy to replicate or automate; should these positions be lost due to funding cuts as political priorities shift in the US and globally, the capacity they add to our policymaking and research systems will be difficult to restore.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1744133126100619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:28:05Z","timestamp":1785133685000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Policy actors as data integrators: mixing data in tobacco control evaluation and assessment"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire L.","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7330-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Jarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praneetha","family":"Vissapragada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Hartmann-Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health & Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref9","unstructured":"CDC (2024a) \u2018Burden of Tobacco Use in the U.S.\u2019 Government. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 8. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/resources\/data\/cigarette-smoking-in-united-states.html (accessed 13 March 2026)."},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref41","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2018) Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Available at https:\/\/www-nap-edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu\/resource\/24952\/012318ecigaretteHighlights.pdf"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054892"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-017-0192-x"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98985-9"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2024-058738"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403759"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref47","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689812437101"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref37","unstructured":"Ma, C , Jarman, H , Vissapragada, P and Hartmann-Boyce, J (2026) 3-129. A Global Comparison of Flavor Restrictions for Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes.\u2019 Paper presented at SRNT 2026, Baltimore, MD. SRNT 2026, March 4.. Available at https:\/\/srnt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/SRNT-2026-Abstract-Book.pdf"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.3.3.4"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(96)00890-1"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230361249"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41446"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref13","volume-title":"Integrating Science and Politics for Public Health","author":"Clavier","year":"2022"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159054"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab092"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2016.05.010"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0072.2012.00443.x"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689815619823"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9515.2005.00421.x"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref50","first-page":"n206\u00a01","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of medical research council guidance","volume":"374","author":"Skivington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research Methods and Reporting."},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-24-3-567"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.156224"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70017"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15586898241250217"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e566732013-001"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110517703329"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref56","volume-title":"Tobacco","year":"2025"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref38","article-title":"Nicotine vaping in England: an evidence update including health risks and perceptions","author":"McNeill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111985"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2024-058895"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1958356"},{"key":"S1744133126100619_ref59","first-page":"e138","article-title":"Tobacco industry tactics to circumvent and undermine the menthol cigarette ban in the UK. 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