{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T15:54:31Z","timestamp":1791734071626,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4692,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/s175173110800236x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,7]],"date-time":"2008-07-07T08:43:58Z","timestamp":1215420238000},"page":"1104-1111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Why is it getting more difficult to successfully artificially inseminate dairy cows?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.E.","family":"Routly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74535-3","article-title":"Detection and characterization of estrus in dairy cattle with an electronic heatmount detector and an electronic activity tag","volume":"84","author":"At-Taras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(92)90069-R","article-title":"Clinical mastitis and intramammary infections on Ohio dairy farms","volume":"12","author":"Bartlett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75722-4","article-title":"Effects of monensin on the reproduction, health, and milk production of dairy cows","volume":"81","author":"Beckett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(90)90053-K","article-title":"Health-problems in selected Ontario Holstein cows - frequency of occurrences, time to first diagnosis and associations","volume":"10","author":"Bigras-Poulin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.9.217","article-title":"Periparturient diseases and their effect on reproductive performance in five dairy herds","volume":"124","author":"Borsberry","year":"1989","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(86)80653-1","article-title":"Determinants of estrous behavior in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"69","author":"Britt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib007","first-page":"177","article-title":"Abnormal patterns of ovarian activity in dairy cows and their relationships with reproductive performance","volume":"30","author":"Bulman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Animal Production"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(03)00112-X","article-title":"Energy balance relationships with follicular development, ovulation and fertility in post partum dairy cows","volume":"83","author":"Butler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Livestock Production Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(02)00224-5","article-title":"Characteristics of oestrus measured using visual observation and radiotelemetry","volume":"76","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(94)00435-L","article-title":"The size and cost of the estimation error when using analysis of a sample of a dairy herd to assess whole herd performance","volume":"23","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1995","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.23.563","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"138","author":"Clarkson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.6761546x","article-title":"Relationship between endogenous estradiol-17 beta and estrous behavior in heifers","volume":"67","author":"Coe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.125.5.103","article-title":"Associations between types of lameness and fertility","volume":"125","author":"Collick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00124-3","article-title":"Economic aspects of persistency of lactation in dairy cattle","volume":"53","author":"Dekkers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Livestock Production Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0015","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effect of transport stress on luteinizing hormone released by GnRH","volume":"115","author":"Dobson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0800025","article-title":"Effect of betamethasone treatment on luteal life-span and the response to GnRH in dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Dobson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1530\/reprod\/120.2.405","article-title":"Ultrasound and hormone profiles of ACTH-induced persistent ovarian follicles (cysts) in cattle","volume":"120","author":"Dobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75758-3","article-title":"Timing of insemination for dairy cows identified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system","volume":"81","author":"Dransfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75488-3","article-title":"Effect of a monensin-controlled release capsule on cow health and reproductive performance","volume":"82","author":"Duffield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00051-1","article-title":"Economic losses due to clinical lameness in dairy cattle","volume":"49","author":"Enting","year":"1997","journal-title":"Livestock Production Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.99.24.472","article-title":"Oestrous behaviour in a herd of dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Esslemont","year":"1976","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.139.20.486","article-title":"Incidence of production diseases and other health problems in a group of dairy herds in England","volume":"139","author":"Esslemont","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90414-9","article-title":"Progesterone profiles in postpartum Holstein dairy-cows as an aid in the study of retained fetal membranes, pyometra and anestrus","volume":"35","author":"Etherington","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(96)00259-2","article-title":"Relationship of production to reproductive performance in Ontario dairy cows: herd level and individual animal descriptive statistics","volume":"46","author":"Etherington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(91)90003-Z","article-title":"Hormonal control of proceptive and receptive sexual behavior and the preovulatory LH surge in the ewe: reassessment of the respective roles of estradiol, testosterone and progesterone","volume":"25","author":"Fabre-Nys","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(83)81910-9","article-title":"Reproductive traits of Holsteins and Jerseys - effects of age, milk-yield, and clinical abnormalities on involution of cervix and uterus, ovulation, estrous cycles, detection of estrus, conception rate, and days open","volume":"66","author":"Fonseca","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(97)00020-2","article-title":"The production system and disease incidence in a national random longitudinal study of Swiss dairy herds","volume":"32","author":"Frei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800058367","article-title":"Reproductive performance in Holstein-Friesian cows in relation to genetic merit and level of feeding when grazing pasture","volume":"73","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00114-8","article-title":"A note on possible link between behaviour and the occurrence of lameness in dairy cows","volume":"67","author":"Galindo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2006.02.006","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 attitudes towards techniques for improving oestrus detection in dairy herds in South West England","volume":"103","author":"Garforth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Livestock Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0031","series-title":"Recent advances in animal nutrition - 2006","first-page":"150","article-title":"Body condition score in dairy cows: targets for production and fertility","author":"Garnsworthy","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3762(81)90092-4","article-title":"Relationships between the incidence of pre-ovulatory behavior and the concentrations of oestradiol-17-beta and progesterone in bovine plasma","volume":"7","author":"Glencross","year":"1981","journal-title":"Applied Animal Ethology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.9.287","article-title":"National intervention study of mastitis control in dairy herds in England and Wales","volume":"160","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(90)90020-I","article-title":"Epidemiology of reproductive disorders in dairy cattle: associations among host characteristics, disease, and production","volume":"8","author":"Grohn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(84)81506-4","article-title":"Onset of estrus in dairy-cows maintained indoors year-round","volume":"67","author":"Hackett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(02)00188-4","article-title":"Genetic and environmental relationship among calving interval, survival, persistency of milk yield and somatic cell count in dairy cattle","volume":"80","author":"Haile-Mariam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Livestock Production Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(59)90693-9","article-title":"Estrus, estrous cycles, ovulation time, time of service and fertility of dairy cattle in Louisiana","volume":"42","author":"Hall","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78960-6","article-title":"Increased milk production versus reproductive and energy status in high-producing dairy cows","volume":"73","author":"Harrison","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72472-9","article-title":"Housing system, milk production, and zero-grazing effects on lameness and leg injury in dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Haskell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(94)00538-P","article-title":"The welfare of extensively managed dairy-cattle - a review","volume":"42","author":"Hemsworth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1284","article-title":"Comparison of the calving-to-conception interval in dairy cows with different degrees of lameness during the prebreeding postpartum period","volume":"227","author":"Hernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74569-9","article-title":"Effect of monensin on blood ketone bodies, incidence and recurrence of disease and fertility in dairy cows","volume":"84","author":"Heuer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.05.014","article-title":"The effect of strain of Holstein-Friesian cow and feeding system on postpartum ovarian function, animal production and conception rate to first service","volume":"63","author":"Horan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00279-3","article-title":"Foot\/leg and udder health in relation to housing changes in Swedish dairy herds","volume":"53","author":"Hultgren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3762(75)90065-6","article-title":"Estrus and related behavior in postpartum Holstein cows","volume":"2","author":"Hurnik","year":"1975","journal-title":"Applied Animal Ethology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2005.00571.x","article-title":"Effects of clinical mastitis on ovarian function in post-partum dairy cows","volume":"40","author":"Huszenicza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76294-5","article-title":"Recombinant bovine somatotropin and clinical mastitis: Incidence, discarded milk following therapy, and culling","volume":"80","author":"Judge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0480341","article-title":"Concentration of steroids in bovine peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle and the effect of betamethasone treatment","volume":"48","author":"Kanchev","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(90)90004-2","article-title":"The National Animal Health Monitoring System in Michigan. I. Design, data and frequencies of selected dairy cattle diseases","volume":"8","author":"Kaneene","year":"1990","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.87.4.94","article-title":"Effect of a mastitis control system on levels of subclinical and clinical mastitis in 2 years","volume":"87","author":"Kingwill","year":"1970","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.202.06.938","article-title":"Within-herd and between-herd variation in diagnosis of clinical mastitis in cattle","volume":"202","author":"Lam","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75587-0","article-title":"Measures of estrus detection and pregnancy in dairy cows after administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone within an estrus synchronization program based on prostaglandin F-2 alpha","volume":"81","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0053","first-page":"454","article-title":"A survey of some factors relevant to animal welfare on 249 dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. Part 2: data on incidence of disease, culling and biosecurity measures","volume":"54","author":"Leonard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Irish Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75514-1","article-title":"The effects of time of disease occurrence, milk yield, and body condition on fertility of dairy cows","volume":"82","author":"Loeffler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(02)00074-X","article-title":"Estrogen concentrations in milk at estrus and ovulation in dairy cows","volume":"72","author":"Lopez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01156-1","article-title":"Effects of body condition score and score change on the reproductive performance of dairy cows: a meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Lopez-Gatius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00314-9","article-title":"Relationship among estradiol, cortisol and intensity of estrous behavior in dairy cattle","volume":"53","author":"Lyimo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1079\/ASC200526","article-title":"Milk progesterone profiles and their relationship with fertility, production and disease in dairy cows in Northern Ireland","volume":"82","author":"McCoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01152-4","article-title":"The association between lameness, ovarian cysts and fertility in lactating dairy cows","volume":"59","author":"Melendez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72792-2","article-title":"Selection indices in Holstein cattle of various countries","volume":"88","author":"Miglior","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73435-9","article-title":"Genetic relationships between persistency and reproductive performance in first-lactation Canadian Holsteins","volume":"87","author":"Muir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31040-3","article-title":"Relationship between an increase in plasma cortisol during transport stress and the failure of oestradiol to induce an LH surge in dairy cows","volume":"49","author":"Nanda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0063","first-page":"208","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of clinical mastitis in dairy-cattle","volume":"25","author":"Oltenacu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.1998.tb01342.x","article-title":"An analysis of ovarian dysfunction in high yielding dairy cows after calving based on progesterone profiles","volume":"33","author":"Opsomer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0065","unstructured":"Parker AJC 1992. Body condition score, milk fever and fertility in dairy cows. DBR dissertation, University of Liverpool, UK."},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71547-3","article-title":"Relationships among milk production, energy balance, plasma analytes, and reproduction in Holstein-Friesian cows","volume":"90","author":"Patton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(86)80748-2","article-title":"Relationships of sexual activities in estrous cows to different frequencies of observation and pedometer measurements","volume":"69","author":"Pennington","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72328-1","article-title":"A typical progesterone profiles and fertility in Swedish dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Petersson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.04.010","article-title":"Environmental effects on progesterone profile measures of dairy cow fertility","volume":"91","author":"Petersson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(95)00279-H","article-title":"Synchronization of ovulation in dairy-cows using PGF(2-alpha), and GnRH","volume":"44","author":"Pursley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.09.004","article-title":"Health and welfare of dairy cows in different husbandry systems in Switzerland","volume":"66","author":"Regula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.02.002","article-title":"Influence of repeated rectal ultrasound examinations on hormone profiles and behaviour around oestrus and ovulation in dairy cattle","volume":"62","author":"Roelofs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.04.004","article-title":"Pedometer readings for estrus detection and as predictor for time of ovulation in dairy cattle","volume":"64","author":"Roelofs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.07.009","article-title":"Various behavioral signs of estrus and their relationship with time of ovulation in dairy cattle","volume":"63","author":"Roelofs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800051845","article-title":"Declining fertility in dairy cattle: changes in traditional and endocrine parameters of fertility","volume":"70","author":"Royal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)70172-5","article-title":"Influence of subclinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive parameters","volume":"84","author":"Schrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00052-X","article-title":"Clinical, bacteriological and epidemiological aspects of clinical mastitis in Israeli dairy herds","volume":"35","author":"Shpigel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.12.007","article-title":"Relationships between body condition score, body weight, and some nutritional parameters in plasma and resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum during pre-service period in high-producing dairy cows in a subtropical region in Japan","volume":"64","author":"Shrestha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00098-8","article-title":"A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance","volume":"47","author":"Sprecher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00082-3","article-title":"Disease incidence in dairy herds in the Southern highlands district of New South Wales, Australia","volume":"43","author":"Stevenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(83)81911-0","article-title":"Factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows first inseminated after 5 weeks postpartum","volume":"66","author":"Stevenson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.744729x","article-title":"Detection of estrus by visual observation and radiotelemetry in peripubertal, estrus-synchronized beef heifers","volume":"74","author":"Stevenson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1991.35668","article-title":"A case study of lameness in three dairy herds","volume":"39","author":"Tranter","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74177-5","article-title":"The relationship between estrous behavioral score and time of ovulation in dairy cattle","volume":"85","author":"Van Eerdenburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(96)01068-4","article-title":"Sexual activities and oestrus detection in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"50","author":"Van Vliet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74917-4","article-title":"Genetic correlation between days until start of luteal activity and milk yield, energy balance, and live weights","volume":"83","author":"Veerkamp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76517-7","article-title":"Time of ovulation relative to mounting activity in dairy cattle","volume":"79","author":"Walker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.12.003","article-title":"Chronic stress, hormone profiles and estrus intensity in dairy cattle","volume":"53","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.155.2.43","article-title":"Disposal and disease rates in British dairy herds between April 1998 and March 2002","volume":"155","author":"Whitaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.91.3.58","article-title":"Study of estrous behavior and estrus detection methods in a large commercial dairy-herd. 2. Estrous signs and behavior patterns","volume":"91","author":"Williamson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.90.21.595","article-title":"Observations on the oestrous cycle of the Friesian heifer","volume":"90","author":"Wishart","year":"1972","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75849-7","article-title":"Estrus detection using radiotelemetry or visual observation and tail painting for dairy cows on pasture","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1017\/S175173110800236X_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73573-0","article-title":"Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. I. Incidence rates, heritability estimates and sire breeding values","volume":"87","author":"Zwald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"}],"container-title":["Animal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S175173110800236X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S175173110800236X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S175173110800236X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T23:04:36Z","timestamp":1761692676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S175173110800236X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},"alternative-id":["S175173110800236X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s175173110800236x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-7311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-7311","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Why is it getting more difficult to successfully artificially inseminate dairy cows?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Animal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S175173110800236X","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 The Animal Consortium. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}