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We investigated early life nutritional influences on NAb concentrations of pre-adolescent children (<jats:italic>n=<\/jats:italic>290) in rural Nepal for whom we had extensive information on exposures from pregnancy and early infancy. Infant size and growth were strongly associated with NAb concentrations at 9\u201313 years of age among males (e.g., for neonatal weight: \u03b2<jats:sub>BOYS<\/jats:sub>=0.43;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001), but not females (e.g., for neonatal weight: \u03b2<jats:sub>GIRLS<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.16;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.26). In females, season of birth was associated with NAb concentrations, with marked reductions among girls born during the pre-monsoon (March\u2013May; \u03b2<jats:sub>GIRLS<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.39;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01) and pre-harvest (September\u2013November; \u03b2<jats:sub>GIRLS<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.35;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.03) seasons. Our findings suggest that nutritional or other environmental influences on immune development may vary by sex, with potential consequences for immune function during infancy and long-term risk of immune-mediated disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174415001373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]],"date-time":"2015-08-17T03:20:05Z","timestamp":1439781605000},"page":"501-511","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex differences in the early life correlates of natural antibody concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"A. C.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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