{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:24:36Z","timestamp":1791419076686,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441843200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dev Orig Health Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota has been identified as an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that can be horizontally transferred to pathogenic species. Maternal GIT microbes can be transmitted to the offspring, and recent work indicates that such transfer starts before birth. We have used culture-independent genetic screenings to explore whether ARGs are already present in the meconium accumulated in the GIT during fetal life and in feces of 1-week-old infants. We have analyzed resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics (BL<jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>) and tetracycline (Tc<jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>), screening for a variety of genes conferring each. To evaluate whether ARGs could have been inherited by maternal transmission, we have screened perinatal fecal samples of the 1-week-old babies\u2019 mothers, as well as a mother\u2013infant series including meconium, fecal samples collected through the infant\u2019s 1st year, maternal fecal samples and colostrum. Our results reveal a high prevalence of BL<jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>and Tc<jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>in both meconium and early fecal samples, implying that the GIT resistance reservoir starts to accumulate even before birth. We show that ARGs present in the mother may reach the meconium and colostrum and establish in the infant GIT, but also that some ARGs were likely acquired from other sources. Alarmingly, we identified in both meconium and 1-week-olds\u2019 samples a particularly elevated prevalence of<jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>(&gt;45%), six-fold higher than that detected in the mothers. The<jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>A gene confers BL<jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>to methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, and although its detection does not imply the presence of this pathogen, it does implicate the young infant\u2019s GIT as a noteworthy reservoir of this gene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174415001506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T14:01:05Z","timestamp":1441893665000},"page":"35-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["High frequencies of antibiotic resistance genes in infants\u2019 meconium and early fecal samples"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"M. 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