{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:50:19Z","timestamp":1773312619248,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dev Orig Health Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although low birth weight (LBW) increases the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the relationship between high birth weight (HBW) and T2DM is less definitive and largely confined to North American Indigenous populations. We re-examined the relationship between LBW (&lt;2500 g) and HBW (&gt;4000 g) and both T2DM and gestational diabetes (GDM) among First Nations and non-First Nations women in Saskatchewan. We analyzed new data for female subjects from a 2001 case-control study that led to our hefty fetal phenotype hypothesis. Using survival analysis techniques and a validated algorithm for identifying diabetes in health care administrative data, we followed a 1950\u20131984 birth cohort of 2003 women until March 31, 2013. Cox regression analysis determined the time to occurrence of first episode of GDM and diagnosis of T2DM by birth weight and ethnicity. First Nations women with HBW demonstrated a greater risk for developing both T2DM [hazard ratios (HR) 1.568; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.188, 2.069] and GDM (HR 1.468; 95% CI 1.016, 2.121) than those with normal birth weight (NBW). Non-First Nations women with LBW had a greater risk of developing GDM than those with NBW (HR 1.585; 95% CI 1.001, 2.512). HBW is a risk factor for GDM and T2DM among First Nations women. This is likely due to exposure of these women to their own mothers\u2019 diabetic pregnancies or gestational impaired glucose tolerance. This inter-generational amplification of T2DM risk mediated through<jats:italic>prenatal<\/jats:italic>exposures appears to play a substantial role in the epidemic of T2DM among First Nations peoples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174417000988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T10:35:48Z","timestamp":1513938948000},"page":"48-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The hefty fetal phenotype hypothesis revisited: high birth weight, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes in a Saskatchewan cohort of First Nations and non-First Nations women"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"R. F.","family":"Dyck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Karunanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Pahwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. D.","family":"Osgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.03.022"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref11","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology","author":"Downey","year":"2005"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt133"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.186890"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0906948"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.886","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"300","author":"Whincup","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170448"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090846"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref23","first-page":"107","article-title":"Differences in high birth weight between northern and southern Saskatchewan: implications for Aboriginal peoples","volume":"16","author":"Dyck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Can"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref18","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Williams Obstetrics","author":"Cunningham","year":"2010"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.230"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.3.487"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2001-0803","article-title":"Intrauterine diabetic environment confers risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in the offspring, in addition to genetic susceptibility","volume":"14","author":"Dabalea","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.19.2534"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000074066"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.183"},{"key":"S2040174417000988_ref22","first-page":"24","article-title":"Body mass index. 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