{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:01:09Z","timestamp":1778220069481,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dev Orig Health Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent work has implicated one type of horizontal strabismus (exotropia) as a risk factor for schizophrenia. This new insight raises questions about a potential common developmental origin of the two diseases. Seasonality of births is well established for schizophrenia. Seasonal factors such as light exposure affect eye growth and can cause vision abnormalities, but little is known about seasonality of births in strabismus. We examined birth seasonality in people with horizontal strabismus in a retrospective study in Washoe County, Nevada, and re-examined similar previously obtained data from Osaka, Japan. We then compared seasonal patterns of births between strabismus, refractive error, schizophrenia and congenital toxoplasmosis. Patients with esotropia had a significant seasonality of births, with a deficit in March, then increasing to an excess in September, while patients with exotropia had a distinctly different pattern, with an excess of births in July, gradually decreasing to a deficit in November. These seasonalities were statistically significant with either \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> or Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov-type statistics. The birth seasonality of esotropia resembled that for hyperopia, with an increase in amplitude, while the seasonality for myopia involved a phase-shift. There was no correlation between seasonality of births between strabismus and congenital toxoplasmosis. The pattern of an excess of summer births for people with exotropia was remarkably similar to the well-established birth seasonality of one schizophrenia subtype, the deficit syndrome, but not schizophrenia as a whole. This suggests a testable hypothesis: that exotropia may be a risk factor primarily for the deficit type of schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174419000102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T02:10:29Z","timestamp":1553220629000},"page":"636-644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seasonality of births in horizontal strabismus: comparison with birth seasonality in schizophrenia and other disease conditions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"A. B.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Cassinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2716-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. S.","family":"von Bartheld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.5.578","article-title":"Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept","volume":"145","author":"Carpenter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs043"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref18","first-page":"2115","article-title":"Incidence of strabismus by season of birth","volume":"79","author":"Matsuda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ganka Rinsho Iho (Jpn Rev Clin Ophthalmol)"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.2.165"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.10.639"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref32","first-page":"484","article-title":"A retrospective study of eye disease among first grade children in Los Angeles","volume":"66","author":"Choi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.12.013"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq146"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1614.2006.01913.x"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200109000-00007"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep040"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(99)00156-X"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1478002920"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01244.x"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.1.107"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref17","first-page":"533","article-title":"Inverse analysis of the relationship between ocular refraction and birth month using matrix equations","volume":"120","author":"Matsuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc)"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000284967"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.05.040"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.10.985"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref6","first-page":"259","article-title":"Seasonality of birth in schizophrenia patients. Literature review","volume":"39","author":"Bembenek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.006"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02880.x"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1221"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00165-6"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.06.008"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377422"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref53","first-page":"229","article-title":"The relationship of deficit syndrome with clinical symptoms, summer births and heritability in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Mete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.3.569"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090220099030"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.10.004"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh047"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000243762.63694.e6"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)80198-8"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref67","first-page":"916198","article-title":"Gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis: a comprehensive literature review","author":"Ochoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Treatment"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200208000-00005"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020141"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237424"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00624"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00181.x"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00092-3"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref12","first-page":"101","article-title":"The prevalence of strabismus in schizophrenic patients in Durban, KwaZulu Natal","volume":"70","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2011","journal-title":"S Afr Optom"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007030"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.08.008"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.10.013"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.131.4.339"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4214"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00492-1"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033500"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2438"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1382"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref40","first-page":"137","article-title":"The power of a test for seasonality","volume":"31","author":"Walter","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref34","first-page":"712","article-title":"The results of examinations for strabismus and amblyopia in elementary and secondary school pupils (in Japanese)","volume":"71","author":"Maruo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ganka Rinsho Iho (Jpn Rev Clin Ophthalmol)"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00259-6"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.33.3.223"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref14","volume-title":"Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility","author":"von Noorden","year":"2002"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3484"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref15","first-page":"440","article-title":"Statistical analysis of the incidence of hyperopia by month of birth","volume":"37","author":"Matsuda","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Kiyo (Folia Ophthalmol Jpn)"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00269-X"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref31","unstructured":"von Bartheld CS, Agarwal AB, Feng CY, et al. Why is exotropia (one specific type of strabismus) a significant risk factor for schizophrenia? 5th Biennial Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, Florence, Italy, April 2\u20136, 2016. npj Schizophrenia. 2016; 2, 78, Abstract T212."},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200109000-00006"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30385.x"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174409990171"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.153"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2003.09.002"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00352"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033443"},{"key":"S2040174419000102_ref23","unstructured":"The Stanley Medical Research Institute. Epidemiological similarities and differences between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia. Updated July, 2017. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.stanleyresearch.org\/patient-and-provider-resources\/toxoplasmosis-schizophrenia-research\/epidemiological-similarities-and-differences-between-toxoplasmosis-and-schizophrenia\/."}],"container-title":["Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2040174419000102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T03:31:21Z","timestamp":1573443081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2040174419000102\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2040174419000102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s2040174419000102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-1744","2040-1752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-1744","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-1752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]}}}