{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:47:24Z","timestamp":1772833644330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dev Orig Health Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In low-income countries, prospective data on combined effects of <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> teratogen exposure are lacking and necessitates new research. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> teratogen exposure on the size of the kidneys and pancreas 5 years after birth in a low-income paediatric population. Data was collected from 500 mother\u2013child pairs from a low-income setting. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, (BW) body height, mid-upper arm and waist circumference (WC). Clinical measurements included blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Ultrasound measurements included pancreas, and kidney measurements at age 5 years. The main outcome of interest was the effect of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption on ultrasound measurements of organ size at age 5 years. Left and right kidney length measurements were significantly lower in smoking exposed children compared to controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03). Pancreas body measurements were significantly lower in smoking exposed children (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the associations between the independent variables (IDVs), maternal age, body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and BW of the child, on the dependent variables (DVs) kidney lengths and kidney volumes. Also, the association between <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> exposure to alcohol and nicotine and pancreas size. WC was strongest (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.28; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) associated with pancreas head [<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (4, 454) = 13.44; <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.11; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01] and tail (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.30; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) measurements at age 5 years, with <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> exposure, sex of the child and BMI as covariates. Kidney length and pancreas body measurements are affected by <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> exposure to nicotine at age 5 years and might contribute to cardiometabolic risk in later life. Also, findings from this study report on ultrasound reference values for kidney and pancreas measurements of children at age 5 years from a low-income setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174420001002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T09:45:12Z","timestamp":1605606312000},"page":"748-757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effects of <i>in utero<\/i> exposure to teratogens on organ size: a prospective paediatric study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0970-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. J. 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