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The objective was to assess the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) in the perinatal (pregnancy and lactation) and post-weaning period on the histomorphometry, neuroplasticity, and histopathology of the ileum. Wistar rats were divided into four subgroups: Control\/Control (CC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10) rats fed a control diet (C) throughout the trial period; Control\/HFD (CH, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9) rats fed diet C (perinatal) and HFD after weaning; HFD\/Control (HC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10) rats fed HFD (perinatal) and diet C (post-weaning); HFD\/HFD (HH, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9) rats fed HFD throughout the experimental period. There was atrophy of the Ileum wall with a reduction in the muscular tunic, submucosa, and mucosa thickness in the HH group of 37%, 28%, and 46%, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The depth of the crypts decreased by 29% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) and height increased by 5% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0013). Villus height decreased by 41% and 18% in HH and HC groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) and width decreased by 11% in the HH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The height of the enterocytes decreased by 18% in the HH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). There was a decrease in the area of the myenteric and submucosal plexus ganglia in the HH and HC groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The number, occupation, and granules of Paneth cells increased in the HH and HC groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) increased in all groups exposed to the HFD. Goblet cells decreased in groups CH and HH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The evidence from this study suggests that the HFD had altered the histomorphometry, neuroplasticity, and histopathology of the ileum of the rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174422000514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T06:52:33Z","timestamp":1662619953000},"page":"231-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Perinatal and post-weaning exposure to a high-fat diet causes histomorphometric, neuroplastic, and histopathological changes in the rat ileum"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2040-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele S.","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"G\u00f3is","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucimeire S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djane A.","family":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael T.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia U.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean N.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria E. 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