{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:54:21Z","timestamp":1783104861959,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":212,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dev Orig Health Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Maternal diabetes, a common pregnancy complication, has long-term implications for both mother and offspring. While the developmental origins of metabolic health from prenatal diabetes exposure are well known, cognitive consequences in offspring are still being explored. The timing of hyperglycemia during pregnancy that most affects cognitive development and whether these effects persist into adulthood remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the association between trimester-specific hyperglycemia exposure and adult cognition in the offspring of women with pregestational diabetes. The Transgenerational Effect on Adult Morbidity (TEAM) Study evaluated health outcomes in young adult offspring of mothers with pregestational diabetes who participated in a Diabetes in Pregnancy Program Project Grant (PPG) at the University of Cincinnati (1978\u20131995). The TEAM Study visit (March 2018 - August 2022) included a comprehensive clinical examination and cognitive assessment (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence \u2013 II). Linear regression estimated the association between prenatal hyperglycemia and offspring\u2019s perceptual reasoning and verbal comprehension. The mean age at follow-up was 32.1 years. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy was inversely associated with cognitive measures, controlling for confounders including maternal education and pre-pregnancy obesity. Higher glycohemoglobin in the second and third trimesters was significantly linked to lower IQ scores, matrix reasoning, and vocabulary subtest scores. Third-trimester hyperglycemia was also associated with lower block design subtest scores. In summary, hyperglycemia, particularly in the latter half of pregnancy, was associated with lower cognitive ability in adult offspring of women with pre-pregnancy pregestational diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174425100081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:48:36Z","timestamp":1754038116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between maternal glycohemoglobin in pregnancy and adult offspring cognition: results from the Transgenerational Effects of Adult Morbidity (TEAM) Study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Bowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Yolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2008.149567"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067107"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142583"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.29.12.1023"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref18","first-page":"104","article-title":"Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to mothers with pregestational and gestational diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Ornoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr endocrinol rev: PER"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.11.9.713"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416827"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref10","first-page":"963735","article-title":"Associations of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glycosuria with offspring IQ and educational attainment: the avon longitudinal study of parents and children","volume":"2012","author":"Fraser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref21","first-page":"14","article-title":"A focused preconceptional and early pregnancy program in women with type 1 diabetes reduces perinatal mortality and malformation rates to general population levels","volume":"9","author":"McElvy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01027-y"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.015"},{"key":"S2040174425100081_ref23","unstructured":"23. 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