{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:07:49Z","timestamp":1790057269816,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":264,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dev Orig Health Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fetal in-utero exposures are known to impact the long-term metabolic health of offspring. Insulin is the primary treatment to manage glucose concentrations in mothers with gestational diabetes. However, adverse offspring outcomes persist, such as macrosomia and increased risk of early obesity in offspring with potential metabolic consequences in adulthood. Here, we developed two novel mouse models to investigate the effects of maternal insulin on offspring health. In the first model, RIP-\u03b2Akt dams exhibited hyperinsulinemia, normoglycemia, and insulin resistance without obesity. Their wild-type offspring are referred to as \u03b2Akt-HIP. The second model involved RIP-Cre; \u03b2TSC2 dams, which displayed hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia without insulin resistance or obesity; their wild-type offspring are termed \u03b2TSC2KO-HIP. Male \u03b2Akt-HIP offspring exposed to hyperinsulinemia with normoglycemia and insulin resistance during gestation showed increased body weight on a normal chow diet (NCD) but limited weight gain when challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). No significant changes in body weight were observed in female \u03b2Akt-HIP or \u03b2TSC2KO-HIP offspring or in male \u03b2TSC2KO-HIP under either diet relative to the age-matched controls. Both male \u03b2Akt-HIP and \u03b2TSC2KO-HIP offspring exhibited transient glucose intolerance at 6\u20138 weeks of age relative to the age-matched controls. Glucose homeostasis remained unaffected in female offspring of both models under NCD and HFD relative to controls. Maternal hyperinsulinemia without obesity, regardless of the presence of hypoglycemia, does not significantly impair glucose homeostasis in offspring. However, when hyperinsulinemia is accompanied by insulin resistance, it results in increased body weight in male offspring, a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174426100671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:47:33Z","timestamp":1790056053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-utero exposure to maternal hyperinsulinemia impacts glucose homeostasis in male offspring transiently"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tracy","family":"Her","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Regal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1192-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigid Ellen","family":"Gregg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Bernal Mizrachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wernimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7941-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilyn","family":"Alejandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2040174426100671_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0332"},{"key":"S2040174426100671_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58827-5"},{"key":"S2040174426100671_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2090"},{"key":"S2040174426100671_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803047105"},{"key":"S2040174426100671_ref23","unstructured":"23. 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