{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:06:10Z","timestamp":1769720770353,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2045796015000517_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Aims.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the time-course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the underlying events, may help to identify those most at risk, and anticipate the number of individuals likely to be diagnosed after exposure to traumatic events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796015000517_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Method.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from two health surveys were combined to create a cohort of 1119 Australian military personnel who deployed to the Middle East between 2000 and 2009. Changes in PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C) scores and the reporting of stressful events between the two self-reported surveys were assessed. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the number of stressful events reported and PTSD symptoms, and assess whether those who reported new stressful events between the two surveys, were also more likely to report older events. We also assessed, using linear regression, whether higher scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale or the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test were associated with subsequent increases in the PCL-C in those who had experienced a stressful event, but who initially had few PTSD symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796015000517_sec_a3\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the mean PCL-C scores in the two surveys were similar, and 78% of responders stayed in the same PCL-C category. Only a small percentage moved from having few symptoms of PTSD (PCL-C &lt; 30) in Survey 1 to meeting the criteria for PTSD (PCL-C \u2265 50) at Survey 2 (1% of all responders, 16% of those with PCL-C \u2265 50 at Survey 2). Personnel who reported more stressful lifetime events were more likely to score higher on the PCL-C. Only 51% reported the same stressful event on both surveys. People who reported events occurring between the two surveys were more likely to record events from before the first survey which they had not previously mentioned (OR 1.48, 95% CI (1.17, 1.88),<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001), than those who did not. In people who initially had few PTSD symptoms, a higher level of psychological distress, was significantly associated with higher PCL-C scores a few years later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796015000517_sec_a4\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The reporting of stressful events varied over time indicating that while the impact of some stressors endure, others may increase or decline in importance. When screening for PTSD, it is important to consider both traumatic experiences on deployment and other stressful life events, as well as other mental health problems among military personnel, even if individuals do not exhibit symptoms of PTSD on an initial assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796015000517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T06:08:21Z","timestamp":1434348501000},"page":"393-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Time-course of PTSD symptoms in the Australian Defence Force: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Waller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. J.","family":"Charlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. E. E.","family":"Ireland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. A.","family":"Whiteford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref41","unstructured":"Weathers FW , Litz BT , Herman DS , Huska JA , Keane TM (1993). The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. 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Centre for Military and Veterans\u2019 Health, The University of Queensland: Australia."},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref6","volume-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care","author":"Babor","year":"2001"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.134627"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002619"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref24","volume-title":"War Stress and Neurotic Illness","author":"Kardiner","year":"1947"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-52"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.9.1023"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065867"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20434","article-title":"The impact of reported direct and indirect killing on mental health symptoms in Iraq war veterans","volume":"23","author":"Maguen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08r04484"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017203"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06091491"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20234"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.104.008102"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000189"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref14","unstructured":"Dobson A , Treloar S , Zheng W , Anderson R , Bredhauer K , Kanesarajah J , Loos C , Pasmore K , Waller M (2012). The Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) Health Study (Census Study Summary Report). Centre for Military and Veterans Heath, University of Queensland: Australia."},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816a9dff"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-88"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00084-X"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191104269954"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20485","article-title":"Correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Marines back from war","volume":"23","author":"Booth-Kewley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.7.984","article-title":"Reactivation of traumatic conflicts","volume":"138","author":"Christenson","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref39","first-page":"256","article-title":"The role of uncontrollable trauma in the development of PTSD and alcohol addiction","volume":"23","author":"Volpicelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Research and Health"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10784-000"},{"key":"S2045796015000517_ref32","unstructured":"McGuire A , Waller M , Bleier J , Loos C , Nielsen L , Cosgrove T , McClintock C , Nasveld P , Treloar S , Dobson A (2009 c). 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