{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T11:57:38Z","timestamp":1793275058085,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524009600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000185_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Aims.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal mental disorders have been associated with the risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Within the context of a mother\u2013child cohort, we examined whether maternal anxiety, depression and sleep disorders are associated with pre-school ADHD symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000185_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 3634 singletons from the Italian NINFEA (Nascita e INFanzia: gli Effetti dell'Ambiente\u2019) cohort. Maternal doctor-diagnosed anxiety, depression and sleep disorders before and during pregnancy were assessed from the questionnaires completed during pregnancy and 6 months after delivery. Mothers rated child ADHD symptoms at 4 years of age, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Hyperactive\u2013impulsive (ADHD-H), inattentive (ADHD-I) and total ADHD scores were analysed in the models adjusted for child's gender, first-born status, maternal age, education, alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000185_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total ADHD score at age 4 was associated with maternal lifetime anxiety (17.1% percentage difference in score compared with never; 95% CI 7.3\u201327.9%), sleep disorders (35.7%; 95% CI 10.7\u201366.5%) and depression (17.5%; 95% CI 3.2\u201333.8%). Similar positive associations were observed also for ADHD-H and ADHD-I traits, with slightly attenuated associations between maternal sleep disorders and child ADHD-I score, and maternal depression and both ADHD scores. All the estimates were enhanced when the disorders were active during pregnancy and attenuated for disorders active only during the pre-pregnancy period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000185_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal anxiety, depression and sleep disorders are associated with a relative increase in the number of ADHD-H, ADHD-I and total ADHD symptoms in preschoolers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796018000185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T04:25:27Z","timestamp":1524025527000},"page":"521-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Maternal anxiety, depression and sleep disorders before and during pregnancy, and preschool ADHD symptoms in the NINFEA birth cohort 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