{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:52:11Z","timestamp":1791809531750,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000422_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate for the first time the determinants and barriers of seeking help for mental disorders in the Arab world based on a national study: Lebanese Evaluation of the Burden of Ailments and Needs Of the Nation (L.E.B.A.N.O.N).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000422_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nationally representative (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2857) and multistage clustered area probability household sample of adults \u226518 years and older was assessed for lifetime and 12 months mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. In addition, detailed information was obtained on help- seeking behaviour and barriers to treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000422_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 19.7% of the Lebanese with mental disorders sought any type of treatment: 91% of those who sought treatment did so within the health sector. Severity and perceived severity of disorders predicted seeking help, the highest being for panic disorder. The greatest barrier to seek help was low perceived need for treatment (73.9%). Stigma was reported to be a factor only in 5.9% of those who thought about seeking treatment. Eighty per cent of the Lebanese reported they would not be embarrassed if friends knew they were seeking help from a professional.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796018000422_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A small fraction of Lebanese seek help for their mental health problems: female gender, higher education and income are predictors of positive attitudes to help seeking. Severity and recognition of disorders, more than stigma, to get treatment seem to be the most important factors in determining help seeking. The findings underscore the importance of helping the public recognise mental health disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796018000422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T05:13:55Z","timestamp":1534137235000},"page":"655-661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Determinants of treatment of mental disorders in Lebanon: barriers to treatment and changing patterns of service use"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"E. G.","family":"Karam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. E.","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Itani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Fayyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. N.","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Mneimneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Thornicroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Disorders Fact Sheet (2016) Retrieved from World Health Organization. Available at http:\/\/www\/who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs396\/en\/ (Accessed 19 July 2016)."},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050061"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.09.001"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref1","first-page":"97","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS)","volume":"8","author":"Alhasnawi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2581","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"291","author":"Demyttenaere","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.168"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001943"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref3","first-page":"121","article-title":"Mass media interventions for reducing mental health-related stigma","volume":"23","author":"Clement","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000129"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00055-9"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465813000738"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2010.512664"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465813000404"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.054353"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref18","first-page":"177","article-title":"Delay and failure in treatment seeking after first onset of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref12","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health \u2013 MOPH (2015) Mental health and substance use \u2013 prevention, promotion, and treatment \u2013 situation analysis and strategy for Lebanon 2015\u20132020. Beirut: Lebanon. Available at https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/userfiles\/files\/Programs%26Projects\/MentalHealthProgram\/MentalHealthStrategy-Eng%20-2015.pdf (Accessed 23 June 2016)."},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68427-4"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096594"},{"key":"S2045796018000422_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796015000359"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2045796018000422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T02:39:34Z","timestamp":1573439974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2045796018000422\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2045796018000422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s2045796018000422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7960","2045-7979"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7960","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7979","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2018\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}