{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T20:39:00Z","timestamp":1786826340535,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796019000015_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Little is known about the potential health impact of police encounters despite a ubiquitous police presence in many disadvantaged urban environments. In this paper, we assess whether persistent or aggressive interactions with the police are associated with poor mental health outcomes in a sample of primarily low-income communities of colour in Chicago.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796019000015_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Between March 2015 and September 2016, we surveyed 1543 adults in ten diverse Chicago communities using a multistage probability design. The survey had over 350 questions on health and social factors, including police exposure and mental health status. We use sex-stratified logistic regression to examine associations between persistent police exposure (defined as a high number of lifetime police stops) or aggressive police exposure (defined as threat or use of police force during the respondent's most recent police stop) and the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796019000015_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Men reporting a high number of lifetime police stops have three times greater odds of current PTSD symptoms compared with men who did not report high lifetime police stops (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3\u20137.6), after adjusting for respondent age, race\/ethnicity, education, history of homelessness, prior diagnosis of PTSD and neighbourhood violent crime rate. Women reporting a high number of lifetime police stops have two times greater odds of current PTSD symptoms, although the results are not statistically significant after adjustment (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.9\u20134.2). Neither persistent nor aggressive police exposure is significantly associated with current depressive symptoms in our sample.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796019000015_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Our findings support existing preliminary evidence of an association between high lifetime police stops and PTSD symptoms. If future research can confirm as causal, these results have considerable public health implications given the frequent interaction between police and residents in disadvantaged communities in large urban areas.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796019000015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T05:57:06Z","timestamp":1549259826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Persistent and aggressive interactions with the police: potential mental health implications"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6532-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.L.","family":"Hirschtick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.M.","family":"Homan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Rauscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.H.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.E.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.W.","family":"Persky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713667453"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref38","volume-title":"Addressing law Enforcement as a Public Health Issue (Draft)","author":"Rubin","year":"2017"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061599"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref42","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 14","year":"2015"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.003"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.04.005"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in US deaths due to legal intervention among Black and White men, age 15\u201334 years, by county income level: 1960\u20132010","volume":"3","author":"Krieger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harvard Public Health Review"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref44","volume-title":"Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"Weathers","year":"1993"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023883"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302046"},{"key":"S2045796019000015_ref10","unstructured":"Chicago Police Department (2017) CLEARMAP: Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting. 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