{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:42:12Z","timestamp":1780393332431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":171,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S2045796021000366_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the stressful nature of policing, police employees are at risk of mental health problems and problematic alcohol use. We aim to determine the prevalence of hazardous and harmful alcohol use in the UK Police Service, and to explore the associations with job strain and mental health problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796021000366_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional data from the Airwave Health Monitoring Study (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 40 986) included measures of alcohol consumption (total units in past week), mental health (depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and job strain. The associations between mental health and job strain with alcohol consumption (i.e. abstinence, low-risk [&lt;14 units per week, reference group], hazardous [&gt;14 to 35 units for women, &gt;14 to 50 units for men], harmful [&gt;35 units for women, &gt;50 units for men]), were analysed using multinomial logistic regressions, adjusting for potential confounders (i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, children under 18, income and smoking status).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796021000366_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 32.6% of police employees reported hazardous drinking, with 3.0% drinking at harmful levels. Compared to those without a mental health problem, police employees with depression, anxiety or PTSD were twice as likely to be harmful drinkers and were also 1.3 times more likely to report abstinence. Those reporting low strain (reference group) were more likely to drink hazardously compared to those reporting high strain, which was statistically moderated by mental health. When the sample was stratified by mental health status, the association between low strain (compared to all other categories) and hazardous drinking, was significant only in those without a mental health problem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2045796021000366_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings indicate that police employees may be an occupational group at risk of alcohol harm, with one-third drinking hazardously. The J-shaped relationship between mental health and alcohol use highlights a need for an integration of mental health and alcohol services, tailored for the UK Police Service.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796021000366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T06:41:24Z","timestamp":1624257684000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The prevalence of hazardous and harmful drinking in the UK Police Service, and their co-occurrence with job strain and mental health problems"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Irizar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. H.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.01.013"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref33","unstructured":"Home Office (2012) Circular: testing police officers for substance misuse. Home Office. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/testing-police-officers-for-substance-misuse (accessed 10 September 2020)."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.100"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref58","volume-title":"Stata 15","year":"2017"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10074"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.896"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.5.432"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678371003683747"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026783799296084"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1562-4"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0855-7"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref5","volume-title":"Police Federation of England and Wales pay and Morale Survey 2017","author":"Boag-Munroe","year":"2016"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00220-X"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref54","unstructured":"Ritchie, H. and Roser, M (2018) Alcohol consumption. Our World In Data. Available at https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/alcohol-consumption (accessed 15 September 2020)."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2011.574072"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqt003"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2012.719340"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.030"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref23","first-page":"284","article-title":"Work stress and alcohol use","volume":"23","author":"Frone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Research and Health"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600944461"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980209604158"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1052"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref13","first-page":"140","article-title":"It goes with the job: officers' insights into the impact of stress and culture on alcohol consumption within the policing occupation","volume":"8","author":"Davey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1177-8"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7455683"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2010.00092.x"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.2.158"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Police service strength briefing paper No. SN-00634","author":"Allen","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref51","first-page":"31","article-title":"Does the Police Academy change your life? A longitudinal study of changes in socialising behaviour of police recruits","volume":"5","author":"Obst","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Police Science and Management"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental health in the UK police force: a qualitative investigation into the stigma with mental illness","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-011-9121-7"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108463"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref28","volume-title":"Chief Officer Misconduct in Policing: An Exploratory Study","author":"Hales","year":"2015"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref19","unstructured":"Elliott-Davies, M (2019) PFEW Demand, Capacity and Welfare Survey 2018 \u2013 Headline Statistics December 2018: Research and Policy Support Report R101\/2018. Police Federation of England and Wales. Available at: https:\/\/www.polfed.org\/media\/14060\/demandcapacityandwelfaresurveyheadlinestatistics2018-06-02-19-v1.pdf, (accessed 10 September 2020)."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01562.x"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref16","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care (2016) UK Chief Medical Officers' low risk drinking guidelines. Department of Health."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019158"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2016.1252971"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.08.001"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230096147"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078693"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqw166"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2392498"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref7","first-page":"28","article-title":"\u2018You don't want people knowing you're a copper!\u2019 A contemporary assessment of police organisational culture","volume":"18","author":"Brough","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Police Science and Management"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.34.3.277.42775"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00098-7"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.07.025"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t03609-000"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref2","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Police service strength. Briefing paper number 00634","author":"Allen","year":"2019"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref48","unstructured":"National Drug Strategy (1996) National Drug Strategy Household Survey: survey report 1995: Canberra Australian Government Publishing Service."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019128"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref50","unstructured":"NICE (2014) Alcohol-use disorders: preventing harmful drinking. Evidence update March 2014. National Institute for Health Care Excellence (NICE)."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxu012"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.07.010"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref46","unstructured":"Medical Research Council (2014) Maximising the value of UK population cohorts: MRC strategic review of the largest UK population cohort studies. Medical Research Council Swindon, UK."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098611107309564"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000052047"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098611114548097"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3420"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830160031005"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-009-9048-9"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2003.07.006"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref68","first-page":"106","article-title":"Stress, coping, and alcohol use: the police connection","volume":"13","author":"Violanti","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Police Science and Administration"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01978.x"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref29","first-page":"16","article-title":"Police workforce, England and Wales, 31 March 2016","volume":"5","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Statistical Bulletin"},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref49","unstructured":"NHS Digital (2018) Health survey for England, 2017 \u2013 Adult health related behaviours. NHS. Available at https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/health-survey-for-england\/2017 (accessed 12 September 2020)."},{"key":"S2045796021000366_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-06-2016-0097","article-title":"Police stressors and health: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"40","author":"Violanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2045796021000366","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T00:46:40Z","timestamp":1699145200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2045796021000366\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S2045796021000366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s2045796021000366","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7960","2045-7979"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7960","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7979","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"article-number":"e51"}}