{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:32:51Z","timestamp":1778509971972,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":130,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796023000173_sec1a\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Previous observational studies have reported potential associations among attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and diabetes (including type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus [T1DM\/T2DM]). However, whether the association between ADHD and diabetes is mediated by obesity is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796023000173_sec2b\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>With two-sample Mendelian randomization, we analysed the causal effect of ADHD on T1DM and T2DM and six obesity-related traits [including body mass index, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage and basal metabolic rate] and the causal effect of these obesity-related traits on T1DM\/T2DM. Finally, with multivariable Mendelian randomization, we explored and quantified the possible mediation effects of obesity-related traits on the causal effect of ADHD on T1DM\/T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796023000173_sec3c\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Our results showed that ADHD increased the risk of T2DM by 14% [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a01.140, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.005\u20131.293] but with no evidence of an effect on T1DM (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.916, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.735\u20131.141, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.433.). In addition, ADHD had a 6.1% increased causal effect on high WC (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.061, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.024\u20131.099, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001) and an 8.2% increased causal effect on high WHR (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.082, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.035\u20131.131, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001). In addition, a causal effect of genetically predicted high WC (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.870, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.594\u20132.192, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) on a higher risk of T2DM was found. In further analysis, WC mediated approximately 26.75% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a024.20%\u201329.30%) of the causal association between ADHD and T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796023000173_sec4d\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>WC mediates a substantial proportion of the causal effect of ADHD on the risk of T2DM, which indicated that the risk of T2DM induced by ADHD could be indirectly reduced by controlling WC as a main risk factor.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796023000173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T03:11:41Z","timestamp":1683774701000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Roles of obesity in mediating the causal effect of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder on diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ningning","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8154-674X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang-Shan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haimei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiujin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09534","article-title":"A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing","volume":"467","author":"Abecasis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000081"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref41","article-title":"Altered white matter microstructures in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref14","article-title":"Common psychiatric and metabolic comorbidity of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2018b","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0754-1"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01584-4"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05253-x"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0424-6"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00757-1"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref13","article-title":"Risk of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2018a","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15020266"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0831"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.5"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0261"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.08.019"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852915000383"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref3","first-page":"551","article-title":"Dopamine analog-induced hyperglycemia in rats: Involvement of the adrenal medulla and the endocrine pancreas","volume":"228","author":"Arneri\u0107","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.01.016"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00604"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17116\/jnevro202012010133"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.214"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0346-8"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa273"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2010.09.2205"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61032-X"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13107"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy271"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa622"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719865779"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.005"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref5","article-title":"Re-analysis of public genetic data reveals a rare X-chromosomal variant associated with type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Bon\u00e0s-Guarch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref10","first-page":"33","article-title":"Obesity, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and the dopaminergic reward system","volume":"31","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Collegium antropologicum"},{"key":"S2045796023000173_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14132"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2045796023000173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T03:11:52Z","timestamp":1683774712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2045796023000173\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S2045796023000173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s2045796023000173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7960","2045-7979"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7960","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7979","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"e32"}}