{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:34:53Z","timestamp":1790984093882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":311,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796024000489_sec1a\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Humanitarian migrants are at increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and elevated psychological distress. However, men and women often report varying degrees of stress and experience different challenges during migration. While studies have explored PTSD, psychological distress, gender, and resettlement stressors, they have not explored the interplay between these factors. This study aims to address that gap by investigating gender disparities in PTSD and psychological distress among humanitarian migrants in Australia, with a focus on the moderating role of socioeconomic factors.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796024000489_sec2b\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>This study used data from five waves of the Building a New Life in Australia (BNLA) survey, a longitudinal study of 2,399 humanitarian migrants who arrived in Australia in 2013. PTSD and psychological distress were measured using the PTSD-8 and Kessler-6 (K6) scales, respectively. We conducted generalised linear mixed-effect logistic regression analyses stratified by gender.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796024000489_sec3c\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Female humanitarian migrants exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD and psychological distress than males over five years of resettlement in Australia. Women facing financial hardship, unemployment, or residing in short-term housing reported greater levels of PTSD and distress compared to men.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796024000489_sec4d\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Women facing financial hardship, inadequate housing, and unemployment exhibit higher rates of PTSD and psychological distress, underscoring the significant impact of socioeconomic factors. Addressing these challenges at both individual and systemic levels is essential for promoting well-being and managing mental health among female humanitarian migrants.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796024000489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T08:32:40Z","timestamp":1730968360000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gender disparity and post-traumatic stress disorder and elevated psychological distress in humanitarian migrants resettled in Australia: the moderating role of socioeconomic factors"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demelash Woldeyohannes","family":"Handiso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline A","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eldho","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Shawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne C","family":"Enticott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref28","volume-title":"Social Causes of Psychological Distress","author":"Mirowsky","year":"2003"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imre.12050"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref8","article-title":"Women and migration: Incorporating gender into international migration theory","volume":"1","author":"Boyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Migration Information Source"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00545"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137914"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-4458-9-5"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref20","article-title":"Social inequalities in mental health and mortality among refugees and other immigrants to Sweden \u2013 Epidemiological studies of register data","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113765"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-341"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref41","article-title":"Financial hardship and health in a refugee population in Australia: A longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Torlinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Migration and Health"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref3","unstructured":"Australian Department of Health (2017) The Fifth National Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan. http:\/\/www.ag.gov.au\/cca (accessed 2 December 2023 )."},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30422-3"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.13088"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dech.12325"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.061770"},{"key":"S2045796024000489_ref2","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021) National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing. 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