{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:57:05Z","timestamp":1793861825404,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796025100255_sec1a\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Evidence on the effects of parental Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on adolescent mental health remains limited. This study investigates the associations between parental ACEs, children\u2019s exposure to threat- and deprivation-related ACEs, and adolescent depression and anxiety using data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796025100255_sec2b\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), a population-based longitudinal cohort study. Parental ACEs were retrospectively reported by caregivers. Children\u2019s exposure to ACEs was assessed from ages 4\u201317\u00a0years and categorised as threat-related ACEs (e.g., bullying, hostile parenting, unsafe neighbourhoods, family violence) or deprivation-related ACEs (e.g., financial hardship, parental substance abuse, parental psychological distress, death of a family member, parental separation, parental legal problems). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were self-reported by adolescents at ages between 12 and 17\u00a0years. Modified Poisson regression models were used to examine the independent and combined associations of parental ACEs and children\u2019s threat- and deprivation-related ACEs (assessed before ages 12, 14, and 16\u00a0years) with depression and anxiety outcomes, including tests for interaction effects.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796025100255_sec3c\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The analysis included 3,956 children aged 12\u201313\u00a0years, 3,357 children aged 14\u201315\u00a0years, and 3,089 children aged 16\u201317\u00a0years. Males comprised 50.8\u201359.8% and females 40.2\u201349.2% across all ages. By the age of 17, 30.4% and 9.4% of the adolescents had depression and anxiety, respectively. Parental ACEs (\u22652) were associated with increased depression risk at ages 12 to 13\u00a0years (RR\u00a0=\u00a01.42; 95% CI: 1.10\u20131.84) and at 16\u201317\u00a0years (RR\u00a0=\u00a01.19; 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.39). Exposure to\u00a0\u2265\u00a02 deprivation-related ACEs significantly increased the risk of depression across all ages, with relative risks ranging from 1.31 to 2.18. High threat-related ACEs (\u22652) were associated with increased depression risk only at 12 to 13\u00a0years (RR\u00a0=\u00a02.01; 95% CI: 1.28\u20133.17). No significant interactions were observed.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796025100255_sec4d\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The findings reinforce the ACEs model by showing that, at the population level, early identification of children exposed to early life deprivations rooted in financial crisis or familial adversities, combined with targeted interventions for both children and parents and supportive social policies, can reduce long-term mental health risks.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796025100255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T14:09:52Z","timestamp":1759759792000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effects of parental adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and childhood threat and deprivation on adolescent depression and anxiety: an analysis of the longitudinal study of Australian children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5186-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Giri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Sturt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kornhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Sturt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kedir Y.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Sturt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1182-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Sturt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796025100255_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02228.x"},{"key":"S2045796025100255_ref31","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 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