{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:17:49Z","timestamp":1785421069647,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":207,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100808_sec1a\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) shape children\u2019s socioemotional development, yet longitudinal evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study examined how ACEs relate to internalizing, externalizing and prosocial behaviours from childhood to adolescence in a rural Pakistani cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100808_sec2b\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were drawn from the Bachpan Cohort, a longitudinal study including 1,791 observations across three waves: ages 4\u20135, 8\u20139 and 12\u201315\u00a0years. ACEs were assessed using an adapted ACE-International Questionnaire. Outcomes were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Network analysis, dose-response modelling and moderation analyses were employed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100808_sec3c\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotional neglect was the most prevalent ACE (83.7%). Parental psychiatric issues, parental trauma exposure and emotional neglect were the most central ACE stressors. A dose-response relationship emerged: compared to children with no ACEs, those with four or more ACEs showed higher internalizing (incidence ratio [IR]\u00a0=\u00a04.24) and externalizing problems (IR\u00a0=\u00a03.42) and lower prosocial behaviour (IR\u00a0=\u00a00.90). Girls showed greater internalizing vulnerability; boys showed more externalizing problems. ACE effects on internalizing problems strengthened with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100808_sec4d\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACEs are strongly associated with internalizing, externalizing and prosocial outcomes from childhood to adolescence. Findings highlight the need for tiered, gender-sensitive and developmentally appropriate interventions in low-resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796026100808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T04:44:30Z","timestamp":1785127470000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adverse childhood experiences and adolescent mental health: trajectories of internalizing, externalizing and prosocial behaviour in a longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0765-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iftikhar Ahmed","family":"Charan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rrkrc24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Shandong Technology and Business University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Chongjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rrkrc24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Shandong Technology and Business University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Soomro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05th6yx34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Anhui University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2023.2252907"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104850"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42844-024-00161-0"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30258-3"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and trauma among young people in the youth justice system","volume":"651","author":"Malvaso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001669"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.104993"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2021-001209"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-031017-100325"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.064"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107179"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.12.004"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.08.006"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2906-3"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2019.1578220"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6427.12263"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-019-00622-x"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09411-z"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-01004-1"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816065-7.00010-0"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-08250-8"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.534"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30145-8"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104890"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2862"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104447"},{"key":"S2045796026100808_ref1","unstructured":"ACE-IQ; WHO. 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