{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:24:19Z","timestamp":1785435859655,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":208,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100869_sec1a\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substance-induced mental disorders (SIMD) are an under-recognized consequence of psychoactive substance use, despite major implications for treatment needs, health service demand and outcomes. In the context of British Columbia\u2019s (BC\u2019s) ongoing toxic drug emergency, we aimed to (1) estimate the incidence and prevalence of SIMD in the provincial population and (2) describe socio-demographic, geographic, clinical and substance-specific patterns over a two-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100869_sec2b\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective, population-based study using linked administrative health data from Population Data BC for residents aged\u00a0\u226512\u00a0years between 1\u00a0January 2022 and 31\u00a0December 2023. SIMD cases were identified using a novel algorithm combining diagnostic codes with temporal linkage between substance-related events (poisoning, withdrawal or substance use disorder) and subsequent psychiatric diagnoses. Incident cases had no record of the same mental disorder in the previous two years; prevalent cases met SIMD criteria at any point in the study period. We calculated monthly, annual and cumulative incidence and prevalence rates per 10,000 population, stratified by sex, age group, health authority, urban\/rural residence, neighbourhood income, psychiatric diagnosis, substance class, concurrent substance use disorder, involuntary treatment and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100869_sec3c\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 37,474 incident and 83,307 prevalent SIMD cases over two years, corresponding to a cumulative incidence of 77.5 and prevalence of 171.4 per 10,000 population. Monthly rates fluctuated in 2022, followed by a rise through 2023, with highest incidence (35.2 per 10,000) and prevalence (328.3 per 10,000) in May 2023. Males accounted for 62% of incident and 59% of prevalent cases; mean age was 43\u00a0years, with highest proportions in the 25\u201344 age range. Northern and Vancouver Island Health Authorities had the greatest burden. On average, individuals with SIMD had 3.2\u20133.6 healthcare visits per month. Cannabis- and hallucinogen-induced disorders were concentrated among younger people, while alcohol- and tobacco-related SIMD predominated in older adults; stimulant-related SIMD showed the highest hospitalization and involuntary treatment rates. Only about one-third of prevalent and fewer than one in five incident cases had a recorded concurrent substance use disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2045796026100869_sec4d\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SIMDs are common, clinically complex and unevenly distributed across demographic and geographic groups in BC. The high rates, substantial service use and frequent occurrence outside documented substance use disorder diagnoses underscore the need for improved detection of SIMD, integration of psychiatric and addiction care and regionally tailored prevention and treatment strategies within the ongoing toxic drug emergency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796026100869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:13:52Z","timestamp":1785222832000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence, prevalence and determinants of substance-induced mental disorders in British Columbia, 2022\u20132023: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mana","family":"Mohebbian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rmrcq20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04g6gva85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Advancing Health Outcomes"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian G.","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04g6gva85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Advancing Health Outcomes"},{"name":"The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemin","family":"Kassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rmrcq20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin\u00e9e","family":"Kazanjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rmrcq20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Puyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rmrcq20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04g6gva85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Advancing Health Outcomes"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1168-0"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17523281.2011.616528"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref6","unstructured":"BC Coroners (2026) Statistical Reports on Deaths in British Columbia - Province of British Columbia. https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/gov\/content\/life-events\/death\/coroners-service\/statistical-reports (accessed 9 May 2023)."},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref21","unstructured":"Population Data BC (2024) BC Ministry of Health Consolidation File. https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/ (accessed 15 Novermber 2024)."},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36391-8_90"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref19","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2016, April 14) Provincial health officer declares public health emergency. BC Government News . https:\/\/news.gov.bc.ca\/releases\/2016hlth0026-000568 (accessed 3 September 2025)."},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104791"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref7","unstructured":"BC Stats (2024) Population Estimates - Province of British Columbia. https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/gov\/content\/data\/statistics\/people-population-community\/population\/population-estimates (accessed 14 September 2025)."},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.012"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR\u00ae)","year":"2022"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.3582"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.013"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Concurrent mental and substance use disorders in Canada","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Reports"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172200229X"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23889\/ijpds.v9i5.2837"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref9","first-page":"286","article-title":"Standards for opioid use disorder care: An assessment of Nordic approaches","volume":"36","author":"Gedeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nordisk Alkohol- and Narkotikatidskrift : NAT"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101217"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001844"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328276"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2023.2261544"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-018-1670-7"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref10","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2025) Opioid- and Stimulant-related Harms in Canada . Substance-related Overdose and Mortality Surveillance Task Group on behalf of the Council of Chief Medical Officers of Health. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. https:\/\/health-infobase.canada.ca\/substance-related-harms\/opioids-stimulants\/ (accessed 25 November 2025)."},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724001442"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.694863"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.1797"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805301206"},{"key":"S2045796026100869_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25318\/3510017701-eng"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2045796026100869","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:13:54Z","timestamp":1785222834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2045796026100869\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S2045796026100869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s2045796026100869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7960","2045-7979"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7960","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7979","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e45"}}