{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T06:56:12Z","timestamp":1790578572383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":270,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S204579602610105X_sec1a\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to examine the longitudinal associations between work\u2013family conflict (WFC) and mental health among working parents. Specifically, we investigated whether within-person changes in WFC and family-to-work conflict (FWC) are associated with changes in mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S204579602610105X_sec2b\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey were used to employ within-person fixed effects regression analysis to examine associations between WFC and mental health in working-age adults (18\u201364\u00a0years) with parental responsibilities for children \u226414\u00a0years. The outcome, general mental health and overall psychological well-being, was assessed using the Mental Health Inventory-5 scale as a continuous variable with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Both dimensions of WFC, measured as continuous variables ranging from 1 to 7 with higher scores indicative of greater conflict (work-to-family and family-to-work), were interrogated, as were gender differences. Exposures, outcome and covariates were assessed repeatedly across the 21-year follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S204579602610105X_sec3c\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 7,265 participants (46,564 observations) across waves 2001\u20132021 who were working-age parents engaged in paid employment with children \u226414\u00a0years, with at least two waves of data and non-missing data were included in the analyses. Mean (SD) duration of follow-up was 6.1 (3.7) years and 6.7 (4.2) years for mothers and fathers, respectively. A total of 49.6% of participants were female, and the mean baseline age was 35\u00a0years for both mothers and fathers. Increasing WFC was negatively associated with mental health in women (\u03b2 coefficient\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.25 [95% CI: \u22121.45, \u22121.05]) and men (\u03b2 coefficient\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.21 [95% CI: \u22121.40, \u22121.02]). Increasing FWC was associated with worse mental health in women (\u03b2 coefficient\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.09 [95% CI: \u22121.33, \u22120.85]) and men (\u03b2 coefficient\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.51 [95% CI: \u22121.75, \u22121.28]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S204579602610105X_sec4d\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changes in both WFC and FWC over time are associated with changes in mental health for women and men. More attention needs to be devoted to identifying and implementing strategies to enable working parents to cope with or reduce WFC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s204579602610105x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T06:20:46Z","timestamp":1790576446000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender differences in work\u2013family conflict and mental health among employed Australian parents: findings from the HILDA survey"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamna","family":"Taouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Churchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Leineweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f0yaq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stockholm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda L.","family":"Magnusson Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f0yaq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stockholm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Ruppanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1201-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2092933"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00652.x"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-11-2012-0100"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.038430"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199802000-00012"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136956"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref12","first-page":"35","article-title":"Parents jobs in Australia: work hours polarisation and the consequences of job quality and gender equality","volume":"14","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Labour Economics"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1440783311419907"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref47","article-title":"Gender differences in work-family conflict and mental health of Swedish workers by childcare responsibilities: findings from the SLOSH cohort study","author":"Taouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health"},{"key":"S204579602610105X_ref1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022a, 22\/11\/2022) ANZSCO - Australian and New Zealand standard classification of occupations . 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