{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:19:04Z","timestamp":1789658344065,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466380800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":171,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Span. J. Psychol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rumination has a crucial role in the onset, severity and maintenance of depression in adolescent and adult populations. The Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) is the most widely self-report instrument used to assess individual differences in the tendency to engage in ruminative responses style. This paper aims to test the factor structure of the 10-item RRS and the gender-based measurement invariance, in a community sample of adolescents, using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Participants were 542 adolescents (53% females) with a mean age of 14 years old (<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 1.75) from middle and secondary schools (years of education\u2019s mean = 9.46, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 1.60) in Portugal. Results confirm the two-factor structure of the RRS composed by brooding and reflection dimensions (GFI = .93, CFI = .90, TLI = .87, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .11, 90% C.I. [0.092 to 0.121]) and the invariance across gender (GFI = .91, CFI = .89, TLI = .85, RMSEA = .08, 90% C.I. [0.069 to 0.090], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). RRS and their dimensions presented a good internal reliability (Brooding: \u03b1 = .80; Reflection: \u03b1 = .75; RRS total: \u03b1 = .85). Brooding and reflection dimensions revealed moderate correlations with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Multiple Regression Analysis through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) showed that brooding is significantly and strongly associated with internalizing symptoms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Female adolescents reported more levels of rumination than male adolescents. Overall, these findings support the usefulness of the Portuguese version of RRS and suggest that this short version is an economical, valid and reliable measure to assess ruminative response styles in adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2016.41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T09:39:49Z","timestamp":1466415589000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Rumination in Adolescence: the Distinctive Impact of Brooding and Reflection on Psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Xavier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinto-Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref3","volume-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das respostas ruminativas em adolescentes: Qualidades psicom\u00e9tricas da ERR-10-A","author":"Amado","year":"2014"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2006.01.002"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.23.5.653.50752"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.3.504"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref17","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2005"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref13","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics","author":"Field","year":"2013"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1203_7"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14195\/1647-8606_54_7"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.98.1.141-150"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.07.001"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.11.001"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410802575412"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-011-9373-z"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-011-9361-3"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3103_04"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9912-7"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.1.115"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022796"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.3.424"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COTR.0000045563.66060.3e"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref6","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"Byrne","year":"2010"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref33","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures","volume":"8","author":"Schermelleh-Engel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods of Psychological Research Online"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref14","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair","year":"1998"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930601056732"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.198"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.07.433"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x"},{"key":"S113874161600041X_ref29","first-page":"229","article-title":"Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o para o estudo da adapta\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa das Escalas de Ansiedade, Depress\u00e3o e Stress (EADS) de 21 itens de Lovibond e Lovibond. 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