{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:03:52Z","timestamp":1762254232524},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":75,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Twin Res Hum Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between pitch-naming ability and childhood onset of music training is well established and thought to reflect both genetic predisposition and music training during a critical period. However, the importance of the amount of practice during this period has not been investigated. In a population sample of twins (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1447, 39% male, 367 complete twin pairs) and a sample of 290 professional musicians (51% male), we investigated the role of genes, age of onset of playing music and accumulated childhood practice on pitch-naming ability. A significant correlation between pitch-naming scores for monozygotic (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.27, <jats:italic>p\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u00a0.001) but not dizygotic twin pairs (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.04, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.63) supported the role of genetic factors. In professional musicians, the amount of practice accumulated between ages 6 and 11 predicted pitch-naming accuracy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.025). In twins, age of onset was no longer a significant predictor once practice was considered. Combined, these findings are in line with the notion that pitch-naming ability is associated with both genetic factors and amount of early practice, rather than just age of onset per se. This may reflect a dose\u2013response relation between practice and pitch-naming ability in genetically predisposed individuals. Alternatively, children who excel at pitch-naming may have an increased tendency to practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2022.29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T12:45:48Z","timestamp":1660567548000},"page":"140-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigating the Relationship Between Childhood Music Practice and Pitch-Naming Ability in Professional Musicians and a Population-Based Twin Sample"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Bairnsfather","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Ull\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret S.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah 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