{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:17:09Z","timestamp":1771949829862,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":222,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wearable Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>The adoption of upper limb myoelectric prosthesis is limited by the lack of closed control loop systems. Although the efferent control has already been integrated into these devices, the sensory feedback restoration in the afferent channel still remains an open challenge. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a promising method for generating somatotopic sensory feedback, allowing the closure of the control loop system. The application of this technique is limited by cumbersome and grid-powered electrical stimulators, making them unsuitable for everyday life, whereas most portable stimulators available on the market are designed for other purposes (e.g., muscular stimulation or pain therapy) and present limited stimulation wave customization. The stimulation devices employed in the literature often produce not fully suitable stimulation parameters and are frequently validated through procedures that do not fully clarify their practical application for sensory feedback restoration. The research aims to present a novel wearable TENS stimulation device (46\u00a0g, 62 \u00d7 49 \u00d7 20 mm) suitable for sensory feedback application. The validation was achieved through a benchtop test and a preliminary analysis on 10 healthy participants comparing the qualities, intensities, and stimulated areas of the sensations elicited by the proposed device and a reference stimulator. The proposed device is capable of delivering charge-balanced stimulation waves over skin-like resistive load and eliciting tingling and vibration sensations with similar intensities compared to the adopted reference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/wtc.2025.10004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:23:24Z","timestamp":1754900604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A novel portable device and validation procedure for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7327-3143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Paolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Scarpelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Demofonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cordella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Demosthenous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Zollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2631717625100042_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-0889-5"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0474-8"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r32","first-page":"153275","article-title":"A high efficient adiabatic transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (tens) with current regulation","volume":"123","author":"Shirafkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NER49283.2021.9441192"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2895575"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11306-w"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r12","first-page":"40","article-title":"Development of low-cost current controlled stimulator for paraplegics","volume":"4","author":"Masdar","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00352"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1085-9489.2005.10303.x"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r21","first-page":"3119","volume-title":"2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","author":"Qu","year":"2011"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3443398"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/1\/016001"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00283"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207217.2017.1312708"},{"key":"S2631717625100042_r9","unstructured":"Texas Instruments (2024) Cc2640 simplelink\u2122 bluetooth\u00ae wireless mcu. 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