{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:19:11Z","timestamp":1764688751574},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,14]],"date-time":"2009-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239667200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7683,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genet. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>By application of the neutral model of phenotypic evolution, quantitative estimates of the rate of input of genetic variance by polygenic mutation can be extracted from divergence experiments as well as from the response of an inbred base population to selection. The analytical methods are illustrated through a survey of data on a diversity of organisms including<jats:italic>Drosophila, Tribolium<\/jats:italic>, mice, and several crop species. The mutational rate of introduction of genetic variance (<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) scaled by the environmental variance (<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) is shown to vary between populations, species, and characters with a range of approximately 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>to 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>.<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>for<jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>viability is somewhat below this range, while hybrid dysgenesis may temporarily inflate<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>beyond 10<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Potential sources of bias and error in the estimation of<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>are discussed, as are the practical implications of the observed limits to<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>for projecting the long-term response to selection and for testing adaptational hypotheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0016672300024150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,17]],"date-time":"2009-09-17T07:35:37Z","timestamp":1253172937000},"page":"137-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["The rate of polygenic mutation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Lynch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"98","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/114.4.1313","article-title":"The selection limit due to the conflict between truncation and stabilizing selection with mutation","volume":"114","author":"Zeng","year":"1986","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref072","unstructured":"Turelli M. (1987). Population genetic models for polygenic variation and evolution. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Quantitative Genetics. (In the Press.)"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982782"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/jjg.60.307"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/105.1.115","article-title":"The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. XVI. Excess of additive genetic variance of viability","volume":"105","author":"Mukai","year":"1983","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/37.2.189","article-title":"The effect of inbreeding on the variation due to recessive genes","volume":"37","author":"Robertson","year":"1952","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/87.3.529","article-title":"Spontaneous and ethyl methane-sulfonate-induced mutations controlling viability in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Homozygous effect of polygenic mutations","volume":"87","author":"Ohnishi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/59.4.513","article-title":"The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. V. Coupling\u2013repulsion effect of spontaneous mutant polygenes controlling viability","volume":"59","author":"Mukai","year":"1968","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/87.3.547","article-title":"Spontaneous and ethyl methane-sulfonate-induced mutations controlling viability in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Heterozygous effect of polygenic mutations","volume":"87","author":"Ohnishi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106753"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-688850-8.50016-7"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014221"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/50.1.1","article-title":"The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Spontaneous mutation rate of polygenes controlling viability","volume":"50","author":"Mukai","year":"1964","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300024794"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/54.2.523","article-title":"Selection for pupa weight in Tribolium castaneum. I. Parameters in base populations","volume":"54","author":"Enfield","year":"1966","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300019145"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/49.3.411","article-title":"Estimates of genetic variances and level of dominance in maize","volume":"49","author":"Moll","year":"1964","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0136014"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300016797"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/jjg.42.121"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.1.142"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref020","volume-title":"Introduction to Quantitative Genetics","author":"Falconer","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00279291","article-title":"Heterozygosity in inbred lines of Tribolium castaneum","volume":"41","author":"Goodwill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/80.3.567","article-title":"Mutator factors and genetic variance components of viability in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"80","author":"Cardellino","year":"1975","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6971-8_6"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00911.x"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/111.1.165","article-title":"Effects of pleiotropy on predictions concerning mutation-selection balance for polygenic traits","volume":"111","author":"Turelli","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox T. S. , Cox D. J. & Fregy K. J. (1987). Mutations for polygenic traits in barley under nutrient stress. Euphytica (In the Press.)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051866"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300020978"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106863"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01664156"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1942.0017"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.54.3.731"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/94.1.203","article-title":"The genetic covariance between characters maintained by pleiotropic mutations","volume":"94","author":"Lande","year":"1980","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300021650"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/106.1.73","article-title":"Spontaneous mutations modifying the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"106","author":"Mukai","year":"1984","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(81)90025-3"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300034856"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01535700"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref048","unstructured":"Mackay T. F. C. (1988). Transposable element-induced quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Quantitative Genetics. (In the Press.)"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-7560(64)80065-X"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284169"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/66.1.165","article-title":"Selection in finite populations with multiple alleles. II. Centripetal selection, mutation, and isoallelic variation","volume":"66","author":"Latter","year":"1970","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300027117"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/97.3-4.639","article-title":"The molecular basis of dominance","volume":"97","author":"Kacser","year":"1981","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300016037"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref018","first-page":"144","article-title":"Quantitative genetic variation from new mutations in Tribolium","volume":"12","author":"Enfield","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Productions"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/281874"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00561.x"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/47.9.1291","article-title":"Selection for heterozygotes in small populations","volume":"47","author":"Robertson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1963.0011183X000300020026x"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/101.2.279","article-title":"The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. XV. Nature of developmental homeostasis for viability","volume":"101","author":"Mukai","year":"1982","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051000206"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00146769"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300013306"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014269","article-title":"Is sub-line differentiation a continuing process in inbred strains of mice?","volume":"19","author":"Yong","year":"1972","journal-title":"Genetical Research"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300026951"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/jjg.60.531"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref021","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Quantitative Genetics","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00276286","article-title":"A comparison of burley tobacco doubled-haploid lines with their source cultivars","volume":"62","author":"Deaton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00422.x"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051000207"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref007","volume-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Quantitative Genetics","author":"Bulmer","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/45.7.855","article-title":"Mutations affecting quantitative traits in the selfed progeny of doubled monoploid maize stocks","volume":"45","author":"Sprague","year":"1960","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/72.2.335","article-title":"Mutation rate and dominance of genes affecting viability in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"72","author":"Mukai","year":"1972","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref028","first-page":"429","article-title":"Mutation frequency, magnitude of change, and the probability of improvement in adaptation","volume":"5","author":"Gregory","year":"1965","journal-title":"Radiation Botany"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05068.x"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/111.2.351","article-title":"Transposable element-induced response to artificial selection in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"111","author":"Mackay","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref001","volume-title":"Handbook of Mathematical Functions","author":"Abramowitz","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300012549"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00277796"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(84)90017-0"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab1945.40.840"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398760-0.50030-4"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref025","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective","author":"Franklin","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300023156"},{"key":"S0016672300024150_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02981671"}],"container-title":["Genetical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0016672300024150","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T22:46:01Z","timestamp":1633905961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0016672300024150\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016672300024150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0016672300024150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-6723","1469-5073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-6723","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-5073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}}}