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Because this developmental period encompasses the emergence of internalizing problems and biological sensitivity to early experiences, this is an important time to examine this process. In two studies, we examined allostatic and environmental load and links to subsequent internalizing and externalizing problems. Study 1 examined relations between load indices and maladjustment, concurrently and at multiple times between age 2 and kindergarten; Study 2 added more comprehensive risk indices in a sample following a group of highly fearful toddlers from 2 to 3 years of age. Results from both studies showed that increased allostatic load related to internalizing problems as environmental risk also increased. Study 2, in addition, showed that fearfulness interacted with allostatic and environmental load indices to predict greater anxiety among the fearful children who had high levels of allostatic and environmental load. Taken together, the findings support a model of risk for internalizing characterized by the interaction of biological and environmental stressors, and demonstrate the importance of considering individual differences and environmental context in applying models of allostatic load to developmental change in early childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579411000502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]],"date-time":"2011-10-21T09:04:49Z","timestamp":1319187889000},"page":"1069-1087","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Allostatic and environmental load in toddlers predicts anxiety in preschool and kindergarten"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kristin A.","family":"Buss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Kiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01982.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30358-4","article-title":"Parental psychopathology and sleep variation in children","volume":"5","author":"Seifer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015665"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400003023"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02156.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02140.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199506000-00023"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.5.924"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199707)31:1<65::AID-DEV6>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1673"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.07010051"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.585"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131829"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166144"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199803)32:2<113::AID-DEV4>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref14","first-page":"370","volume-title":"Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations","author":"Buss","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00031-6"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199906000-00005"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025409103874"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000357"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref33","volume-title":"Manual for the Preschool Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB)","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457949800162X"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref43","first-page":"208","volume-title":"The Sage handbook of social science methodology","author":"Howell","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006313"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130685"},{"key":"S0954579411000502_ref55","first-page":"578","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. 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