{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:46:27Z","timestamp":1785422787891,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We present independent imaging analyses of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of the active galactic nuclei in radio galaxy Centaurus A and quasar 3C 279 using Generative Deep learning Image Reconstruction with Closure Terms (\n                    <jats:sc>GenDIReCT<\/jats:sc>\n                    ), a recently developed machine-learning framework built on conditional diffusion models that uses interferometric closure invariants as primary observables. For Centaurus A, our reconstruction reveals two prominent emission ridges (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S1323358026101672_inline1.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$\\simeq 80\\,\\unicode{x03BC}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    as each) along the jet sheath with a brightness ratio of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S1323358026101672_inline2.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$1.4\\pm 0.1$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and an opening angle of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S1323358026101672_inline3.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$12.3\\pm 0.3$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    deg. For 3C 279, we identify three distinct components in the image, with the southern jet ejecta on sub-parsec scale exhibiting a proper motion of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S1323358026101672_inline4.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$4.6\\pm 1.0\\,\\unicode{x03BC}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    as over\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S1323358026101672_inline5.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$\\approx 5.39$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    d away from the northern components, corresponding to an apparent superluminal velocity of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S1323358026101672_inline6.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$\\simeq 10\\pm 2$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    times light speed. These measurements are consistent with those reported by the EHT Collaboration. The results are significant because we demonstrate that: (1) imaging from interferometric aperture synthesis data, especially in VLBI and most acutely in extremely sparse arrays like the EHT, remains a severely ill-posed and challenging inverse problem, yet closure invariants preserve robust morphological information that can strongly constrain structural features, and (2) more importantly, closure-invariant imaging largely avoids calibration systematics, thus providing a fundamentally independent view of spatial structure with very high angular resolution. The generative nature of\n                    <jats:sc>GenDIReCT<\/jats:sc>\n                    further allows us to sample and characterise clusters of plausible image solutions for each dataset. As a calibration-independent, generative imaging approach,\n                    <jats:sc>GenDIReCT<\/jats:sc>\n                    offers a robust and truly independent blind-imaging tool for current and future VLBI experiments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/pasa.2026.10167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:12:15Z","timestamp":1771920735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conditional image diffusion with interferometric closure invariants: Independent EHT imaging of Centaurus A and 3C 279"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qn8fb07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Space & Astronomy, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nithyanandan","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qn8fb07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Space & Astronomy, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4264-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O. Ivy","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qn8fb07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Space & Astronomy, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation"},{"name":"International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, The University of Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foivos","family":"Diakogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data 61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research 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