{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:24:17Z","timestamp":1774466657033,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]],"date-time":"2013-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384387200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age and the consumption of foods and diet quality at 4 years of age. The sample included 705 children evaluated at 2 and 4 years of age, as part of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal). Data on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors of both children and mothers were collected by face-to-face interviews. The weight and height of children were measured by trained professionals. Based on FFQ, four energy-dense food groups were defined: soft drinks; sweets; cakes; salty snacks. A healthy eating index was developed using the WHO dietary recommendations for children (2006) aged 4 years. The associations were evaluated through Poisson regression models. After adjustment for maternal age and education, child's carer, child's siblings and child's BMI, higher consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age was found to be associated with higher consumption of the same foods 2 years later. An inverse association was found between the intake (\u00a0\u2265\u00a0median) of soft drinks (incidence rate ratio (IRR)\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b774, 95\u00a0% CI 0\u00b758, 0\u00b795), salty snacks (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b780, 95\u00a0% CI 0\u00b765, 1\u00b700) and sweets (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b773, 95\u00a0% CI 0\u00b758, 0\u00b791) at 2 years of age and the consumption of fruit and vegetables at 4 years of age (\u00a0\u2265\u00a05 times\/d). Weekly and daily consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age was associated with a lower healthy eating score at 4 years of age (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b775, 95\u00a0% CI 0\u00b758, 0\u00b796; IRR\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b756, 95\u00a0% CI 0\u00b741, 0\u00b777, respectively). The consumption of energy-dense foods at young ages is negatively associated with the diet quality of children a few years later.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114513003620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]],"date-time":"2013-11-14T08:51:01Z","timestamp":1384419061000},"page":"1275-1282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Association between energy-dense food consumption at 2 years of age and diet quality at 4 years of age"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Vilela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-046"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.846","article-title":"Energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat dietary pattern is associated with increased fatness in childhood","volume":"87","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09678-2"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref33","unstructured":"Birthcohorts.net (2011) Generation XXI. http:\/\/birthcohorts.net\/bch2\/?action\u00a0=\u00a0show&UserID\u00a0=\u00a018 (retrieved 20 October 2012)."},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-234"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-003-0040-z"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1539"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2010.10.013"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1079"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(03)01086-1"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.127"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00477.x"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422408110976"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref36","volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-age, Weight-for-age, Weight-for-length, Weight-for-height and Body Mass Index-for-age: Methods and Development","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.5","article-title":"International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002","volume":"76","author":"Foster-Powell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.05.025","article-title":"Position of the American Dietetic Association: total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information","volume":"107","author":"Nitzke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"S0007114513003620_ref6","first-page":"20\u20131, 24\u20135, 28\u20139 passim","article-title":"Pucker up: the effects of sour candy on your patients' oral health. 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