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The potassium-illite (K-I) alteration related to an early magmatic-hydrothermal event (9.5 \u00b1 0.5 Ma) was later replaced by ammonium-illite (NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-I) (6.2 \u00b1 0.6 Ma) owing to circulation of an organic-rich fluid. Several textural evolutions of breccia structures were recognized, such as \u2018shingle\u2019, \u2018jigsaw\u2019, \u2018crackle\u2019 and hydraulic <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> fractures. The high-field-strength element behaviours of the K-I and NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-I argillic altered andesite are close to chondritic ratios, indicating no contribution of hydrothermal fluid, especially on NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-I andesite alteration and the CHArge-and-RAdius-Controlled (CHARAC) behaviour within silicate melts. The rare earth element normalized patterns show two distinct trends, one with a Eu* anomaly (K-I) and the other with a Nd* anomaly (NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-I), indicating a boundary exchange with the organic-rich fluid. The strongly depleted \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C (V-PDB) measured for the NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-I clays reflects values (\u221224.39 to \u221226.67 \u2030) close to CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> thermogenic oxidation, whereas the \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N (\u2030) from 4.8 to 14.8 (\u00b1 0.6) confirmed that the N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> originated from post-mature sedimentary organic matter. The last volcanism (6.3 to 3.9 \u00b1 0.6 Ma) and simultaneous volcano-induced tectonics in the proximity of the eastern Transylvanian basin basement increased the heat flow, generating lateral salt extrusion, diapirism and increased pressure in the gas reservoir. New pathways were opened that provided new circulation routes for basinal fluids to new and old permeable zones and expelled seeps from the biogenic petroleum system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0016756822000851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T12:05:36Z","timestamp":1666613136000},"page":"274-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hydrothermal injection breccia with organic carbon and nitrogen in the fossil hydrothermal system of Harghita B\u00e3i, East Carpathians, Romania: an example of magmatic and non-magmatic element mobility in the upper continental 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