{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:28:15Z","timestamp":1774045695298,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biosoc. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A secular trend in body height has been experienced in many nations and populations, hypothesized to be the result of better living conditions. Educational level has been shown to be closely associated with body height. This study examined the changes in body height and popliteal height in a group of adult Chilean male workers by age cohort and the relationship of these with educational level. The body heights and popliteal heights of 1404 male workers from the Valpara\u00edso and Metropolitan regions of Chile were measured in 2016. The sample was grouped by level of education (primary, secondary, technical and university) and age (21\u201330, 31\u201340 and 41\u201350 years). Robust ANOVA and post-hoc analyses using a one-step modified M-estimation of location were conducted based on bootstrap resampling. Both body height and popliteal height increased from the older to the younger age cohort. The largest increase was from the 41\u201350 to the 21\u201330 group, with a 1.1% increase in body height and 1.7% increase in popliteal height. When educational level was introduced into the analysis there was a marked increase in both body height and popliteal height for each cohort, but only in primary- and secondary-educated workers. Despite showing an overall increase in body height and popliteal height, younger workers with the highest levels of education showed fewer differences between them than did older workers with less education. The differences were larger in the older than in the younger cohorts. Similarly, this trend was less clear in workers with higher levels of education (technical and university), probably because of a dilution effect caused by increased access to higher education by workers in the lower income quintiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021932019000750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T10:47:26Z","timestamp":1574678846000},"page":"734-745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Educational level and its relationship with body height and popliteal height in Chilean male workers"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6029-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Viviani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor Ignacio","family":"Castellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Arezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c1ngelo","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bragan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johan F. M.","family":"Molenbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Aparici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref36","article-title":"Robust statistical methods in R using the WRS2 package","author":"Mair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193201300014X"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2014.11.002"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref2","first-page":"321","article-title":"Peso, talla y per\u00edmetro craneano de escolares de la Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana de Chile, de acuerdo al nivel socioecon\u00f3mico","volume":"63","author":"Argote","year":"1992","journal-title":"Revista Chilena de Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref48","volume-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n de Titulaci\u00f3n en Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Chile Periodo 1999\u20132008","author":"Rolando","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref45","volume-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","author":"Portney","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932012000636"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref20","volume-title":"The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies","author":"Erikson","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/030144699282723"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref47","volume-title":"La Migraci\u00f3n en Chile: Breve reporte y caracterizaci\u00f3n","author":"Rojas","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.08.005"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932003002633"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.978900"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref10","first-page":"585","article-title":"Tracking variability: recent anthropometric data for Croatian population and comparison with other world populations","volume":"36","author":"Buba\u0161","year":"2012","journal-title":"Collegium Antropologicum"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-677X(02)00033-3"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2015.09.019"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460151056419","article-title":"Diurnal variation in height and the reliability of height measurements using stretched and unstretched techniques in the evaluation of short-term growth","volume":"28","author":"Tillmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2013.12.008"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2010.03.002"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref18","unstructured":"DEIS-MINSAL (2014) Child Deaths and Mortality and their Components. Chile 1990\u20132014. DEIS-MINSAL, Santiago de Chile. URL: http:\/\/www.deis.cl\/estadisticas-de-natalidad-y-mortalidad\/"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200003000-00006"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl011"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000355"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref39","volume-title":"Informe de Desarrollo Social","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2003.12.006"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref66","unstructured":"World Bank (2018) World Bank Open Data \u2013 Chile GDP (Current $USD). URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CL&view=chart (accessed 25th December 2018)."},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7031047"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref28","volume-title":"Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America: A Magic Bullet to Reduce Poverty?","author":"Hoddinott","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000182580"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref64","first-page":"113","article-title":"Antropometr\u00eda y maduraci\u00f3n Sexual en Escolares de un Area de Santiago de Chile","volume":"87","author":"Valenzuela","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref8","volume-title":"The Growth of Humanity","author":"Bogin","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124163"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2005.06.003"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-102"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.08.007"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref3","unstructured":"Arzola, MP (2011) CASEN 2011: Aumento de Cobertura en Educaci\u00f3n Superior en los primeros quintiles. Santiago de Chile. URL: http:\/\/lyd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/Cobertura-ed-superior-por-quintil-y-tipo-IES-CASEN-2011.pdf"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.05.008"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2009.07.004"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref5","volume-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de Impacto de las Becas de Educaci\u00f3n Superior. Informe Final. Facultad de Econom\u00eda y Negocios","author":"Benavente","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2011.06.004"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref11","first-page":"61","article-title":"Trends in puberal development of school age children living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile","volume":"138","author":"Burrows","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica de Chile"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1310040310"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref15","unstructured":"Chilegenomico (2015) Genomics of the Chilean Population: Genetic Characterization Necessary for Biomedical Research, Public Health, and Forensic Medicine. URL: http:\/\/chilegenomico.med.uchile.cl\/chilegenomico1\/ (accessed 9th April 2018)."},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref19","first-page":"45","article-title":"Perfil socioeconomico del estudiantado que accede a la educacion superior en Chile (1990\u20132003)","volume":"33","author":"Espinoza D\u00edaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estudios Pedagogicos"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref21","unstructured":"FAOSTAT (2018) Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) (3-year average). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. URL: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/es\/#country\/40 (accessed 9th December 2018)."},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932017000645"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2007.00458.x"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref24","first-page":"72","article-title":"Estudio Antropom\u00e9trico y Criterios Ergon\u00f3micos Para La Evaluaci\u00f3n y Dise\u00f1o de Mobiliario Escolar","volume":"33","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cuaderno M\u00e9dico Social"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2004.03.001"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-015-0080-4"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref30","volume-title":"ISO 7250-1: Basic Human Body Measurements for Technological Design \u2013 Part 1: Body Measurement Definitions and Landmarks","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161380"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20592"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref40","volume-title":"CASEN 2015","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.06.007"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref44","volume-title":"Reviews of National Policies for Education Tertiary Education in Chile","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054386"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leg length, skull circumference, and the incidence of dementia in Latin America and China: a 10 66 population-based cohort study","volume":"80","author":"Prince","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.25024\/kj.2010.50.3.151","article-title":"From the poorest to the tallest in East Asia: the secular trend in height of South Koreans","volume":"50","author":"Schwekendiek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korea Journal"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010106"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref58","volume-title":"Human Growth: A Multidisciplinary Review","author":"Tanner","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468200005951"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001348"},{"key":"S0021932019000750_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2013.12.010"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biosocial Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0021932019000750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T11:42:52Z","timestamp":1597059772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0021932019000750\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021932019000750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0021932019000750","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9320","1469-7599"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9320","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7599","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]}}}