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Of the 791 soil samples collected throughout continental Portugal, 53 were positive for EPN. <jats:italic>Steinernema feltiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora<\/jats:italic> were the two most abundant species. Analysis of EPN geographical distribution revealed an association between nematode species and vegetation type. <jats:italic>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora<\/jats:italic> was mostly found in the Alentejo region while <jats:italic>S. feltiae<\/jats:italic> was present in land occupied by agriculture with natural vegetation, broadleaved forest, mixed forest and transitional woodland-shrub, agro-forestry areas, complex cultivated patterns and non-irrigated arable land. Although no clear association was found between species and soil type, <jats:italic>S. feltiae<\/jats:italic> was typically recovered from cambisols and <jats:italic>H. bacteriophora<\/jats:italic> was more abundant in lithosols. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region indicated that <jats:italic>S. feltiae<\/jats:italic> was the most abundant species, followed by <jats:italic>H. bacteriophora<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Steinernema intermedium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. kraussei<\/jats:italic> were each isolated from one site and <jats:italic>Steinernema<\/jats:italic> sp. from two sites. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, D2D3 expansion region of the 28S rRNA gene, as well as mitochondrial cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> oxidase subunit I (COXI) and cytochrome <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic>) genes, was performed to evaluate the genetic diversity of <jats:italic>S. feltiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H. bacteriophora<\/jats:italic>. No significant genetic diversity was found among <jats:italic>H. bacteriophora<\/jats:italic> isolates. However, COXI seems to be the best marker to study genetic diversity of <jats:italic>S. feltiae<\/jats:italic>. This survey contributes to the understanding of EPN distribution in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x13000217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T08:49:13Z","timestamp":1366102153000},"page":"327-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A survey of entomopathogenic nematode species in continental Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Valadas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Laranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X13000217_ref69","first-page":"117","article-title":"Survey of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Rhabditida: Nematoda) in southern Italian soils","volume":"31","author":"Tarasco","year":"1997","journal-title":"Entomologica"},{"key":"S0022149X13000217_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2008.01.003"},{"key":"S0022149X13000217_ref65","first-page":"43","article-title":"An undescribed Steinernema sp. 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