{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:19:21Z","timestamp":1763140761774},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,10]],"date-time":"2015-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428624000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Mar. Biol. Ass."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex change, or sequential hermaphroditism, occurs in the plant and animal kingdoms and often determines a predominance of the first sex. Our aim was to explore changes in sex ratios within the range of the species studied:<jats:italic>Patella vulgata<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Patella depressa<\/jats:italic>. The broad-scale survey of sex with size of limpets covered a range of latitudes from Zambujeira do Mar (southern Portugal) to the English Channel. Indirect evidence was found for the occurrence of protandry in<jats:italic>P. vulgata<\/jats:italic>populations from the south of England, with females predominating in larger size-classes; cumulative frequency distributions of males and females were different; sex ratios were biased towards males and smallest sizes of males were smaller than the smallest sizes of females. In contrast in Portugal females were found in most size-classes of<jats:italic>P. vulgata<\/jats:italic>. In<jats:italic>P. depressa<\/jats:italic>populations from the south coast of England and Portugal females were interspersed across most size-classes; size distributions of males and females and size at first maturity of males and females did not differ.<jats:italic>P. depressa<\/jats:italic>did, however, show some indications of the possibility of slight protandry occurring in Portugal. The test of sex ratio variation with latitude indicated that<jats:italic>P. vulgata<\/jats:italic>sex ratios might be involved in determining the species range limit, particularly at the equatorward limit since the likelihood of being male decreased from the south coast of England to southern Portugal. Thus at the southern range limit, sperm could be in short supply due to scarcity of males contributing to an Allee effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0025315415000417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,10]],"date-time":"2015-04-10T07:36:37Z","timestamp":1428651397000},"page":"1141-1153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Broad-scale patterns of sex ratios in<i>Patella<\/i>spp.: a comparison of range edge and central range populations in the British Isles and Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"C.D.G.","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.P.","family":"Doncaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"Maclean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.J.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315407053799"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2010.00734.x"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007389519702"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392731"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref49","first-page":"365","article-title":"Protandry and the evolution of environmentally mediated sex change: a study of the Mollusca","volume":"17","author":"Hoagland","year":"1978","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/104373a0"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00391151"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120317"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref17","volume-title":"Macroecology","author":"Brown","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2005.01274.x"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400014909"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref86","volume-title":"Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research","author":"Sokal","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref87","first-page":"1","article-title":"The distribution of certain intertidal animals around the Irish coast","volume":"57","author":"Southward","year":"1954","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref34","first-page":"135","article-title":"Les Patelles, au long des cotes atlantiques ib\u00e9riques et nord-marocaines","volume":"99","author":"Fischer-Piette","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal de Conchyliologie"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(69)90018-5"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.01.023"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2007.32"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/658344"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2005.09.014"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref3","first-page":"341","article-title":"Sex reversal in the genus Patella (Gastropoda, Prosobranchiata)","volume":"39","author":"Bacci","year":"1975","journal-title":"Publicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2002.3084"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyr007"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-003-0744-7","article-title":"Experimental test of socially mediated sex change in a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, the marine shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Caridea: Hippolytidae)","volume":"55","author":"Baeza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00713.x"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00026746"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02270.x"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400009942"},{"key":"S0025315415000417_ref5","unstructured":"Ballantine W.J. 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