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In all 3 groups, these bodies occur in plasmodial trophic stages, disappear at the onset of sporogony, and reappear in the spore. Some haplosporidian haplosporosomes lack the internal membrane regarded as characteristic of these bodies and that phylum. Haplosporidian haplosporogenesis is through the Golgi (spherulosome in the spore), either to form haplosporosomes at the <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>-Golgi network, or for the Golgi to produce formative bodies from which membranous vesicles bud, thus acquiring the external membrane. The former method also forms sporoplasmosomes in malacosporeans, while the latter is the common method of haplosporogenesis in paramyxids. Sporoplasmogenesis in myxosporeans is largely unknown. The haplosporosomes of <jats:italic>Haplosporidium nelsoni<\/jats:italic> and sporoplasmosomes of malacosporeans are similar in arraying themselves beneath the plasmodial plasma membrane with their internal membranes pointing to the exterior, possibly to secrete their contents to lyse host cells or repel haemocytes. It is concluded that these bodies are probably multifunctional within and between groups, their internal membranes separating different functional compartments, and their origin may be from common ancestors in the Neoproterozoic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182020001717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:10:25Z","timestamp":1600387825000},"page":"1614-1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Haplosporosomes, sporoplasmosomes and their putative taxonomic relationships in rhizarians and myxozoans"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"P.M.","family":"Hine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.J.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.W.","family":"Feist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9680-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004897"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2007.00261.x"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14558"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1980.tb03724.x"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/14-671.1"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3277746"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref14","first-page":"91","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the plasmodial development of Myxobolus insignis (Myxozoa), infecting the Amazonian fish Semaprochilodus insignis (Prochilodontidae)","volume":"52","author":"Azevedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Protozoologica"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref44","first-page":"435","article-title":"Ultrastructure of sporulation in Minchinia dentali (Arvy), an haplosporean parasite of Dentalium entale (Scaphopoda, Mollusca); taxonomic implications","volume":"19","author":"Desportes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Protistologica"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao011073"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00317.x"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3277152"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03417"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1177.1"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3005.1"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(76)90090-2"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref41","first-page":"279","article-title":"\u00c9tude ultrastructurale de Marteilioides chungmuensis n.g. n.sp. parasite des ovocytes de l'Hu\u00eetre Crassostrea gigas Th","volume":"22","author":"Comps","year":"1986","journal-title":"Protistologica"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao053055"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200005513X"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2008.07.002"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283516"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao042207"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao039201"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1990.tb01130.x"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2008.032"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(85)90070-9"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.136"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao006055"},{"key":"S0031182020001717_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004149","article-title":"Spore ornamentation of Haplosporidium hinei n. sp. 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