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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102298_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) is an underrecognized condition with consequences for mothers and infants. This study aimed to determine risk factors for CB-PTSD symptoms across countries within a stress\u2013diathesis framework, focusing on antenatal, birth-related, and postpartum predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102298_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The INTERSECT cross-sectional survey (April 2021\u2013January 2024) included 11,302 women at 6\u201312\u00a0weeks postpartum. The study was carried out across maternity services in 31 countries. Outcomes were CB-PTSD diagnosis, symptom severity, and perceived traumatic birth, assessed with the City Birth Trauma Scale. Multiple risk factors were assessed, including preexisting vulnerability, pregnancy, birth, and infant-related factors. All models were adjusted for country-level variation as a random effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102298_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Models explained substantial variance across all outcomes (conditional\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.53\u20130.58). Negative birth experience was the strongest predictor (e.g. odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a00.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80\u20130.84 for diagnosis). Ongoing maternal complications predicted both CB-PTSD diagnosis and symptoms (e.g. OR\u00a0=\u00a01.61, 95% CI = 1.41\u20131.84), and major infant complications were associated with CB-PTSD diagnosis (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.63, 95% CI = 1.29\u20132.07). Reports of perceived danger to self or infant (criterion A) were linked to higher CB-PTSD symptoms and traumatic birth ratings (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.25, 95% CI = 0.21\u20130.29). Other predictors reached significance but showed small effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102298_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings support a stress\u2013diathesis framework, showing that while pre-existing vulnerabilities contribute, birth-related stressors exert the strongest influence. Trauma-informed maternity care should prioritize these factors, with attention to women\u2019s appraisals of birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725102298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T07:12:21Z","timestamp":1763363541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cross-national risk factors for childbirth-related PTSD: Findings from the INTERSECT study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Handelzalts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04cg6c004","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Academic College of 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