{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:57:00Z","timestamp":1775059020365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"'la Caixa' Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/PR\/FP22\/62010012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/FP22\/62010012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Child Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study provides insights on linguistic development in exceptional circumstances assessing 378 children (between 2;6 and 3;6) who lived their first years during the COVID-19 pandemic and comparing it with normative data collected before this period (<jats:italic>CDI-III-PT;<\/jats:italic> Cadime et al., 2021). It investigates the extent to which linguistic development was modulated by a complex set of factors, including sex, maternal education, book reading, language-promoting practices, COVID-19 infection, parental stress and sleeping problems, considering three periods (during lockdowns, out of lockdowns and at present). The results show a substantial negative effect of the pandemic on both lexical and syntactic development. Considering individual variation, structural equation modelling unveiled a complex scenario in which age, sex, book reading, language-promoting practices, sleeping problems and COVID-19 infection showed a direct effect on linguistic development. Maternal education and parental stress had an indirect effect on children\u2019s language, mediated by book reading and sleeping problems, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000924000412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:25:41Z","timestamp":1730089541000},"page":"1157-1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Living the first years in a pandemic: children\u2019s linguistic development and related factors in and out of the COVID-19 lockdowns"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cadime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4758-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana 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