{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:02:06Z","timestamp":1761156126786},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]],"date-time":"2016-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465776000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Navigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An assessment of the navigational accuracy of the Mercator world map of 1569 is made, aimed at better understanding how the information was adapted from the contemporary cartography. At the time the map was engraved, navigational charts were constructed on the basis of astronomically-observed latitudes, magnetic courses and estimated distances between places. Before this information could be incorporated into the new world map it should be first transformed in such a way that the longitudinal spacings between places were restored to their correct values, as defined on the surface of the Earth. The question of whether Mercator performed such transformations or just considered that the positions were approximately correct has hitherto never been addressed in the literature. It is demonstrated in this article that Mercator was not fully aware of the complexity of the contemporary charts \u2013 which he considered to implicitly comprise a square grid of meridians and parallels \u2013 and that all planimetric information was directly imported to the novel world map without correction. It is further shown that the Mercator projection was not compatible with the navigational methods of the time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0373463316000291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]],"date-time":"2016-06-13T06:45:58Z","timestamp":1465800358000},"page":"1183-1196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Revisiting the Mercator World Map of 1569: an Assessment of Navigational Accuracy"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Joaquim Alves","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref10","volume-title":"Elements of Cartography","author":"Robinson","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03085690802024604"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03085694.2014.845940","article-title":"Squaring the Circle: How Mercator Constructed his Projection in 1569","volume":"66","author":"Gaspar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Imago Mundi"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref11","unstructured":"Nunes P. (2008). Obras. Vol. IV, De arte Atque Ratione Navigandi. Lisboa, Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa; Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian [Basel, 1566]."},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/03085694.2014.902580","article-title":"Globes, Rhumb Tables, and the Pre-History of the Mercator Projection","volume":"66","author":"Leit\u00e3o","year":"2014","journal-title":"Imago Mundi"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref2","first-page":"66","article-title":"The Myth of the Square Chart\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Gaspar","year":"2007","journal-title":"e-Perimetron"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref9","volume-title":"Obras. Vol. I, Tratado da Sphera","author":"Nunes","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref6","first-page":"67","article-title":"From the Portolan Chart to the Latitude Chart: The silent cartographic revolution. Cartes and G\u00e9omatique","volume":"216","author":"Gaspar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revue du Comit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ais de Cartographie"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref3","unstructured":"Gaspar J.A. (2010). From the Portolan Chart of the Mediterranean to the Latitude Chart of the Atlantic: Cartometric Analysis and Modelling. Lisbon, Unpublished doctoral thesis, 26\u201334."},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref8","first-page":"7","article-title":"Text and translations of the legends of the original chart of the world by Gerhard Mercator issued in 1569","volume":"9","author":"Mercator","year":"1932","journal-title":"Hydrographic Review"},{"key":"S0373463316000291_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/03085694.2012.673762","article-title":"Blunders, Errors and Entanglements: Scrutinizing the Cantino Planisphere with a Cartometric Eye","volume":"64","author":"Gaspar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Imago Mundi"}],"container-title":["Journal of Navigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0373463316000291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T17:26:47Z","timestamp":1555608407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0373463316000291\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0373463316000291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0373463316000291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0373-4633","1469-7785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0373-4633","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]}}}