{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T19:14:17Z","timestamp":1777058057343,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Envir. Conserv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human\u2013wildlife interactions (HWIs) occur in many rural African communities, with potential impacts on livelihood vulnerability. High livelihood vulnerability may force communities to employ strategies that increase the risk of negative HWIs, yet the extent to which HWIs drive or are driven by vulnerability is unclear. We hypothesized that more vulnerable households are more likely to be exposed to wildlife and experience negative interactions. To test this hypothesis, we calculated the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) of rural households in and around Quirimbas National Park (north-eastern Mozambique) and assessed whether there is a link between livelihood vulnerability and HWIs. We found a two-way association between LVI and HWIs, with more vulnerable households indeed taking greater risks and encountering wildlife when fetching water from rivers, whereas less vulnerable households tended not to employ strategies likely to increase wildlife encounters. We also observed that HWIs exert a strong effect on livelihood vulnerability, suggesting that HWIs should be included as an exposure factor in vulnerability assessments for rural households. We recommend that livelihood strategies and community vulnerability should be considered when designing HWI mitigation schemes and implementing conservation measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s037689292100028x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T14:01:54Z","timestamp":1632751314000},"page":"301-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Livelihood vulnerability increases human\u2013wildlife interactions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8103-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Rosalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Serafino","family":"Mucova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yasalde","family":"Massangue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Murchide","family":"Abdulrazak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Somar","family":"Vahossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mouzinho","family":"Selemane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/4\/044019"},{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195373"},{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2014.01.008"},{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref61","first-page":"23","article-title":"Gauging farmers\u2019 acceptance of \u2018social barrier\u2019 mechanisms for preventing elephant crop raids","volume":"50","author":"Stone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gajah"},{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2012.00577.x"},{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45972-1"},{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref33","volume-title":"Principal Component Analysis","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2002"},{"key":"S037689292100028X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassambara, A , Mundt, F (2016) Factoextra: extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses [www document]. 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