{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:57:41Z","timestamp":1776733061268,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]],"date-time":"1998-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":901929600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the introduction of an improved surveillance \nsystem for infectious intestinal disease \noutbreaks in England and Wales, the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable\n Disease \nSurveillance Centre received reports of 26 outbreaks between 1 January\n 1992 and 31 December \n1995 in which there was evidence for waterborne transmission of infection.\n In these 26 \noutbreaks, 1756 laboratory confirmed cases were identified of whom 69 (4%) were admitted to \nhospital. In 19 outbreaks, illness was associated with the consumption\n of drinking water from \npublic supplies (10 outbreaks) or private supplies (9 outbreaks). The largest\n outbreak consisted \nof 575 cases. In 4 of the remaining 7 outbreaks, illness was associated\n with exposure to \nswimming pool water. Cryptosporidium was identified as the probable causative\n organism in \nall 14 outbreaks associated with public water supplies and swimming pools.\n Campylobacter \nwas responsible for most outbreaks associated with private water supplies.\n This review confirms \na continuing risk of cryptosporidiosis from chlorinated water supplies\n in England and Wales, \nand reinforces governmental advice to water utilities that water treatment\n processes should be \nrigorously applied to ensure effective particle removal. High standards\n of surveillance are \nimportant for prompt recognition of outbreaks and institution of control\n measures. As \nmicrobiological evidence of water contamination may be absent or insufficient\n to implicate a \nparticular water supply, a high standard of epidemiological investigation\n is recommended in all \noutbreaks of suspected waterborne disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268898001083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:23:42Z","timestamp":1027761822000},"page":"109-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in \nEngland and Wales, 1992\u20135"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"FURTADO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G. K.","family":"ADAK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"STUART","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. G.","family":"WALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H. S.","family":"EVANS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D. P.","family":"CASEMORE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268898001083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T14:51:19Z","timestamp":1554389479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268898001083\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268898001083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268898001083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]}}}