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All monitoring sites along the study period go through seasonal phases of cooling, attenuation, insulation, fusion and zero curtain during winter, although thermal equilibrium is only reached at some stations located at lower elevations on Livingston Island. GST evolution at these stations and the duration of snow periods show oscillations, with turning points in the years 2014 and 2015, when temperatures were at their minimum and snow durations were at their maximum, in agreement with the cooling period occurring in the north-western AP in the early twenty-first century. The thermal regime is mainly controlled by snow cover and its onset and offset dates based only on descriptive patterns, not on statistical testing, more than by altitudinal, topographical, geological or geomorphological factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095410202510028x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:15:31Z","timestamp":1756455331000},"page":"413-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermal regimes and phases of surface temperature in Livingston and Deception islands, Antarctica, 2007\u20132021: influence of snow cover and implications for frozen ground"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4496-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"de Pablo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pmn0e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3648-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pmn0e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c27hj86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Lisboa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7611-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c27hj86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Lisboa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5038-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIC-INTA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7161-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006gksa02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad de Oviedo"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095410202510028X_r93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.685"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102009990642"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.03.051"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.06.002"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.10.018"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-45.2.190"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18172\/cig.2915"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/4\/045001"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.030"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095410200600037X"},{"key":"S095410202510028X_r25","article-title":"Thermal characterization of the active layer at the Limnopolar Lake CALM-S site on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island)","volume":"5","author":"de Pablo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antarctica. 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