{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:50:54Z","timestamp":1774446654404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419897600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bird Conservation International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the factors that determine habitat use and abundance of exploited species is essential to develop effective conservation strategies. We studied the four forest pigeons on S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Island to assess the species\u2019 distribution and abundance patterns. We determined ecological factors likely to be associated with each species\u2019 use of habitats and numbers, as well as the influence of hunting pressure. In total, 35 km of line transects were surveyed in the rainy season and at the start of the dry season. Pigeons differed in their use of habitats; there were also strong seasonality effects. The most abundant species was the Lemon Dove<jats:italic>Columba simplex<\/jats:italic>, the only non-hunted species. The S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Green Pigeon<jats:italic>Treron sanctithomae<\/jats:italic>and Maroon Pigeon<jats:italic>Columba thomensis<\/jats:italic>were less abundant and had more restricted ranges. Both species were strongly associated with old-growth forests. In contrast, the Bronze-naped Pigeon<jats:italic>Columba malherbii<\/jats:italic>was relatively abundant and widespread; this species favours human-altered habitats such as shade forests and non-forested areas. Fruit availability measured within the different habitats was linked with the distribution and abundance of the three hunted species. Potential human predation pressure on all species was determined from hunting signs found along the surveyed transects. There was a significant negative correlation between the abundance of two of the hunted species and hunting pressure. Our results indicate the importance of adequately protecting old-growth and secondary forests as core habitats for the survival of viable populations of all pigeon species in the island. However, control of hunting is also crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0959270914000288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T08:35:18Z","timestamp":1419928518000},"page":"71-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Factors influencing the distribution and abundance of endemic pigeons on S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Island (Gulf of Guinea)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"MARIANA","family":"CARVALHO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"JULIA E.","family":"FA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"FRANCISCO C.","family":"REGO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"RICARDO F. DE","family":"LIMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"GABRIEL","family":"SANTOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"JORGE M.","family":"PALMEIRIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01766.x","article-title":"The birds of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe in the Gulf of Guinea","volume":"92","author":"Snow","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref39","volume-title":"Birds in humanized landscapes: S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 endemic birds\u2019 response to agricultural intensification","author":"Rocha","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12015"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01825.x"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref42","volume-title":"Endemic bird areas of the world: Priorities for biodiversity conservation","author":"Stattersfield","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref16","volume-title":"Guide des oiseaux de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 et Pr\u00edncipe","author":"Christy","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref8","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Bird surveys - expedition field techniques","author":"Bibby","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.63172\/673016lfrevr","article-title":"Changes in bird numbers in six Northland forests 1979\u20131993","volume":"40","author":"Pierce","year":"1993","journal-title":"Notornis"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00637.x"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/117.2.416","article-title":"Rainfall, fruiting phenology and the nesting season of White-Crowned Pigeons in the Upper Florida Keys","volume":"117","author":"Bancroft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref13","article-title":"What motivates hunters to target exotic or endemic species on the island of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9, Gulf of Guinea?","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref34","unstructured":"Olmos, F. and Turshak, L. G . (2007) Observations on birds at S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. African Bird Club report."},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref1","volume-title":"Plano de Manejo do Parque Nacional Ob\u00f4 de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270900000629"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref26","volume-title":"The birds of Pr\u00edncipe, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Annob\u00f3n - an annotated checklist","author":"Jones","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1989.tb04788.x"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/0043-5643(2001)113[0073:EOASRB]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref19","first-page":"51","article-title":"Diet composition and habitat preferences of fruit eating pigeons in a tropical forest of eastern Assam, India","volume":"3","author":"Devi","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeBIO"},{"key":"S0959270914000288_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.08.003","article-title":"Fruiting phenology and implications of fruit availability in the fragmented Ngele Forest Complex, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"88","author":"Hart","year":"2013","journal-title":"South African J. 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