{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:12:23Z","timestamp":1775185943753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Cogn. Psychother."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>Growing evidence supports the association between early memories of shame and lack of safeness and current shame and depression. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether shame serves as a mediator between such early memories and depressive symptoms.<jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold>This study aimed at testing whether the impact of shame traumatic memory, centrality of shame memory, early memories of warmth and safeness (predictors), on depressive symptoms (outcome) would be mediated by current external and internal shame.<jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>Student participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 178) recalled an early shame experience and completed self-report instruments measuring centrality and traumatic characteristics of the shame memory, early memories of warmth and safeness, external and internal shame and depressive symptoms.<jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Path analysis\u2019 results revealed that internal shame fully mediated the relationship between shame traumatic memory, centrality of shame memory, and early memories of warmth and safeness, and depression. However, current feelings of external shame, highly linked to internal shame, did not significantly predict depression.<jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>These findings shed light on the role of internalizing early shame and lack of safeness memories into a sense of self as globally self-condemning in the vulnerability to experience depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1352465812001099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T10:17:59Z","timestamp":1364206679000},"page":"479-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Internalizing Early Memories of Shame and Lack of Safeness and Warmth: The Mediating Role of Shame on Depression"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Marcela","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinto-Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14195\/1647-8606_54_16"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref47","first-page":"274","volume-title":"Self-Conscious Emotions: the psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride","author":"Lindsay-Hartz","year":"1995"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref27","volume-title":"Human Nature and Suffering","author":"Gilbert","year":"1989"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref16","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Handbook of Attachment: theory, research and clinical applications","author":"Cassidy","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.659","article-title":"Shame as a traumatic memory","volume":"17","author":"Matos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00116-7"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(03)00206-X"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref9","volume-title":"Separation, Anxiety and Anger: attachment and loss, vol. 2","author":"Bowlby","year":"1973"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref65","first-page":"235","article-title":"Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o para o estudo da adapta\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa das Escalas de Ansiedade Depress\u00e3o e Stress de Lovibond e Lovibond [Contribution for the study of the Portuguese adaptation of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales by Lovibond and Lovibond]","volume":"36","author":"Pais-Ribeiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychologica"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref50","volume-title":"Making Happy People: the nature of happiness and its origins in childhood","author":"Martin","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39425"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003459","volume-title":"Compassion: conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref28","volume-title":"Depression: the evolution of powerlessness","author":"Gilbert","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref23","volume-title":"The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: attachment and the developing brain","author":"Cozolino","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/147608308X395213"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0879(200007)7:3<174::AID-CPP236>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref79","volume-title":"The Self-Conscious Emotions: theory and research","author":"Tracy","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195114799.001.0001","volume-title":"Shame: interpersonal behavior, psychopathology and culture","author":"Gilbert","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref71","volume-title":"Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: the neurobiology of emotional development","author":"Schore","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90150-3"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref72","volume-title":"The Developing Mind: how relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are","author":"Siegel","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref64","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Interpersonal Cognition","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1352465812001099_ref58","unstructured":"Matos M. , Pinto-Gouveia J. and Duarte C. 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