{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T20:44:18Z","timestamp":1768682658778,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980014000500_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify the association between breast-feeding and<jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>infection, among children and adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980014000500_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched MEDLINE<jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>and Scopus<jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>up to January 2013. Summary relative risk estimates (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals were computed through the DerSimonian and Laird method. Heterogeneity was quantified using the<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>statistic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980014000500_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-seven countries\/regions; four low-income, thirteen middle-income and ten high-income countries\/regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980014000500_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies involving samples of children and adolescents, aged 0 to 19 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980014000500_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified thirty-eight eligible studies, which is nearly twice the number included in a previous meta-analysis on this topic. Fifteen studies compared ever<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. never breast-fed subjects; the summary RR was 0\u00b787 (95 % CI 0\u00b757, 1\u00b732;<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=34\u00b74 %) in middle-income and 0\u00b785 (95 % CI 0\u00b754, 1\u00b734;<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=79\u00b71 %) in high-income settings. The effect of breast-feeding for \u22654\u20136 months was assessed in ten studies from middle-income (summary RR=0\u00b766; 95 % CI 0\u00b744, 0\u00b798;<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=65\u00b77 %) and two from high-income countries (summary RR=1\u00b756; 95 % CI 0\u00b757, 4\u00b726;<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=68\u00b73 %). Two studies assessed the effect of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months (OR=0\u00b791; 95 % CI 0\u00b761, 1\u00b734 and OR=1\u00b771; 95 % CI 0\u00b766, 4\u00b747, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980014000500_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest a protective effect of breast-feeding in economically less developed settings. 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